BIO101 Chapter 1: The Nature of Biology

Flashcards reviewing key concepts from Chapter 1 of BIO101 General Biology I, including the scientific method, properties of life, viruses, and levels of biological organization.

Who first defined the scientific method as depicted in this portrait?

Sir Francis Bacon

What is the scientific method?

The process of examination and discovery that tests hypotheses through repeatable experiments that either support or refute the hypothesis.

What sequence of steps is outlined in this diagram of the scientific method?

Make an observation, ask a question, form a hypothesis that answers the question, make a prediction based on the hypothesis, do an experiment to test the prediction, analyze the results, and report results (or try again if the hypothesis is not supported).

What is a hypothesis?

A suggested, possible explanation for an observation that can be tested.

What is a scientific prediction and what format does it take?

A prediction relates the hypothesis to results that may be obtained in an experiment, taking an "If…then…" format.

How is a scientific theory defined?

A hypothesis that has been extensively and repeatedly tested and all data continues to support it.

What are the seven generally accepted properties of life?

1. Organized structures of one or more cell(s)
2. Respond to stimuli
3. Ability to reproduce
4. Growth and development over lifetime
5. Regulation of internal functions (homeostasis)
6. Use energy (metabolism)
7. Ability to adapt and evolve

What species of plant is shown here, known for drooping and folding its leaves when touched?

Mimosa pudica (sensitive plant)

How does asexual reproduction differ from sexual reproduction as shown in this diagram?

Asexual reproduction involves one parent replicating its DNA and dividing to create 2 genetically identical offspring, whereas sexual reproduction involves two parents contributing genetic material via egg and sperm to form a zygote, embryo, and genetically unique offspring.

What is homeostasis?

The ability of an organism to maintain stable internal conditions, such as nutrient transport or temperature regulation.

Why are viruses not considered to be alive?

Viruses are acellular (not composed of cells), lack organelles, cannot reproduce on their own, and do not have their own metabolism.

What acellular entity is depicted in this 3D model, which is responsible for COVID-19?

SARS-CoV-2

What is the difference between an atom, a molecule, and a macromolecule?

An atom is the smallest unit of matter; a molecule consists of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds; a macromolecule is a large molecule built from smaller molecules (monomers).

What is an organelle?

A group of macromolecules that form a functional unit, many of which are membrane-bound compartments (e.g., nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplast).

What is a cell?

The basic unit of life capable of performing life functions, formed by a group of organelles and/or macromolecules.

What is the main structural distinction between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Prokaryotic cells do not contain membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotic cells do contain membrane-bound organelles.

Which three domains are shown in this Phylogenetic Tree of Life?

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya