Epigenetics Review Flashcards

Flashcards covering key vocabulary and concepts from the epigenetics lecture.

Epigenetics

Chemical modifications of chromosomal DNA and/or histones that change gene expression without altering the DNA sequence.

Epigenome

The complete set of epigenetic modifications on the genetic material of a cell.

Gene Regulatory Proteins

Proteins that switch genes on or off and can recruit enzymes to add or remove epigenetic tags.

Imprinting

The process by which certain genes are expressed in a parent-of-origin-specific manner, with one parent's allele being silenced.

Acetylation

A modification that neutralizes positive charges on histone tails, promoting a more open DNA structure and turning genes ON.

DNA Methylation

The addition of a methyl group (CH3) to DNA, typically at cytosine bases, which generally represses gene transcription.

Histone Modifications

Chemical changes to histone proteins, affecting gene expression by altering chromatin structure.

Epigenetic Inheritance

Transmission of epigenetic tags from one generation to the next, potentially affecting offspring phenotype.

Environmental Signals

Factors that can influence gene expression via epigenetic changes, such as diet, stress, and hormones.

Non-coding RNA

RNA molecules that are not translated into proteins but play roles in gene regulation and chromatin structure.

Epigenetic Memory

The ability of cells to remember their past gene expression patterns and maintain their identity through cell division.

The Dutch Hunger Winter

A historical event demonstrating epigenetic effects, where malnutrition affected gene expression in surviving offspring.

Histone Acetyltransferase (HAT)

An enzyme that adds acetyl groups to histones, leading to gene activation.

Histone deacetylase (HDAC)

An enzyme that removes acetyl groups from histones, resulting in gene repression.

Fragile X Syndrome

A genetic condition caused by a mutation in the FMR1 gene, leading to intellectual disabilities and other developmental issues.

Rett Syndrome

A severe genetic disorder affecting predominantly females, characterized by loss of motor skills and speech.