AMH2020 Final Exam Study Guide

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40 Terms

1
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The Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)

First major law to restrict immigration to the U.S., targeting Chinese laborers.

2
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The Dawes Act (1887)

Broke up Native American land; aimed to assimilate Native Americans into U.S. culture.

3
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Haymarket Riot (1886)

Violent labor protest in Chicago; led to decline of the Knights of Labor.

4
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Homestead Strike (1892)

Violent strike at Carnegie Steel; showed tensions between labor and management.

5
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Pullman Strike (1894)

National railway strike led by Eugene V. Debs; federal troops broke it up.

6
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Muckrakers

Investigative journalists who exposed corruption and social issues in the early 1900s.

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Ida Tarbell

Muckraker who exposed Standard Oil's monopolistic practices.

8
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Jacob Riis

Muckraker who used photography to reveal poor living conditions in NYC ("How the Other Half Lives").

9
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Cross of Gold Speech (1896)

Speech by William Jennings Bryan supporting silver currency to help farmers.

10
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Alfred Thayer Mahan

Naval strategist who argued for sea power as the key to national greatness.

11
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Treaty of Paris (1898)

Ended the Spanish-American War; U.S. gained control of Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico.

12
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Open Door Notes (1899-1900)

U.S. policy promoting equal trade in China and protection of Chinese territorial integrity.

13
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Zimmerman Telegram (1917)

Secret message from Germany to Mexico proposing an alliance against the U.S.; helped push the U.S. into WWI.

14
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Washington Naval Conference (1921-1922)

An international meeting to limit naval arms and prevent another arms race after WWI.

15
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Scopes Trial (1925)

Trial of teacher John Scopes for teaching evolution; symbolized clash between science and religion.

16
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FDIC (Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation)

New Deal agency that protects bank deposits to prevent loss in bank failures.

17
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TVA (Tennessee Valley Authority)

New Deal program that built dams and brought electricity and jobs to the rural South.

18
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Social Security (1935)

Created a safety net for the elderly, disabled, and unemployed.

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Neutrality Acts (1930s)

U.S. laws aimed at keeping the country out of foreign wars by banning arms sales and loans to warring nations.

20
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Lend-Lease Act (1941)

Allowed the U.S. to send military aid to Allies before officially entering WWII.

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Atlantic Charter (1941)

Agreement between FDR and Churchill outlining goals for the post-WWII world, like self-determination and peace.

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Marshall Plan (1947)

U.S. program that gave money to rebuild European countries after WWII to prevent the spread of communism.

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NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) (1949)

Military alliance formed to counter Soviet aggression in Europe.

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Apollo Program (1960s-70s)

U.S. space program that landed the first humans on the Moon in 1969 during the Space Race.

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Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-56)

Sparked by Rosa Parks' arrest, African Americans in Montgomery, AL, boycotted buses for over a year, leading to the end of bus segregation.

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Medicare (1965)

Government health insurance program for people over 65, part of LBJ's Great Society.

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Great Society (1964-65)

President Lyndon B. Johnson's plan to end poverty and racial injustice with programs like Medicare, Medicaid, and education reform.

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Affirmative Action (1960s-today)

Policies aimed at increasing opportunities for minorities and women in education and employment.

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Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)

A 13-day standoff between the U.S. and USSR over Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba; ended peacefully when Soviets agreed to remove missiles.

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Counterculture (1960s-70s)

Youth-led movement rejecting traditional norms; associated with anti-war protests, hippies, drugs, and rock music.

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Roe v. Wade (1973)

Supreme Court case that legalized abortion nationwide based on a woman's right to privacy.

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Engle v. Vitale (1962)

Supreme Court ruled school-sponsored prayer in public schools is unconstitutional.

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Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)

Supreme Court ruled that states must provide an attorney to defendants who can't afford one.

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Miranda v. Arizona (1966)

Supreme Court ruled that suspects must be informed of their rights before police questioning.

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Watergate (1972-1974)

Political scandal involving a break-in at the Democratic National Committee HQ and Nixon's cover-up. Led to Nixon's resignation.

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Iran Hostage Crisis (1979-1981)

52 Americans were held hostage at the U.S. embassy in Tehran for 444 days by Iranian revolutionaries.

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Reagan Doctrine (1980s)

Policy of providing aid to anti-communist movements around the world during the Cold War.

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Fourteenth Amendment (1868)

Granted citizenship to all born or naturalized in the U.S. and guaranteed equal protection under the law.

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Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

Supreme Court upheld racial segregation under "separate but equal" doctrine.

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Gulf of Tonkin Resolution (1964)

Gave President Lyndon B. Johnson authority to use military force in Vietnam without a formal declaration of war.