Final Exam Flash Cards

Final exam for Survey of Jazz - MUS 122

Blues

• Originated in the American South in the late 1800’s

• Based upon 3 chords, 12-bar form

• Incorporation of blue notes (flatted 3rd and 5th), scoops, and growls

• Important artists: Robert Johnson, Bessie Smith, Ma’ Rainey

• 2 subgenres

  • Country Blues (male performer, solo performance, loose forms)

  • Classic Blues (female performer, strict 12-bar form, backed by a hand

Ragtime

• highly syncopated melodies over a consistent ¼ note base line

• most associated with solo piano performance

• Scot Joplin, most famous composer

• Associated with dancers Frank and Irene Castle and bandleader James Reese Europe

New Orleans

• earliest form of jazz, originated in early 1900’s New Orleans

• first jazz record recored in 1917 by Original Dixieland Jazz Band

• characterized by polyphony and collective improvisation

• ensemble organized into front line (trombone, clarinet/sax, trumpet/cornet) and rhythm section (bass/tuba, guitar/banjo, piano and drums)

Swing

• developed in 1930s

• high energy dance music - associated with the lindy hop style of dance

• associated with the Savoy Ballroom (venue) and Chick Webb Orchestra

• quarter note pulse from bass (walking bass line), guitar and bass drum

• artists: Count Basie Orchestra, Chick Webb Orchestra, Duke Ellington Orchestra

Bebop

• developed in mid 1940s

• primarily performed by small groups

• Minton’s Playhouse - prominent venue where bebop was developed in jam sessions

• notable artists: Charlie Parker (sax), Dizzy Gillespie (trumpet), Thelonious Monk (piano)

Cool Jazz

• developed in lates 1940s/early 1950s

• instruments primarily stay in mid ranges, more subdued rhythmic accents

• harmonic complexity

• balance of improvisation and composition

• relaxed feel even at fast tempos

Hard Bop

• original song forms and chord progressions (as opposed to contrafacts)

• some: simpler, often blues-based melodies and chord progressions, emphasis on groove

• some: continues bebop aesthetic (complex melodies/chord progressions, fast tempos, emphasis on improvisation)

• artists: Miles Davis Quintet, Jazz Messengers, John Coltrane

Avant-Garde

• experimental style which developed in the 1960’s

• challenged traditional rules of harmony, melody, instrument roles, incorporated extended techniques

• some of the music was overtly political

• associated with the Civil Rights and anti-war movements

• artists: Sun Ra, Cecil Taylor, Eric Dolphy

Post-bop

• style which developed in the mid 1960s, incorporates elements on bebop, hard bob, modal jazz, and avant-garde

Fusion

• developed in 1960s and 1970s

• blend of jazz and rock, incorporation of electronic instruments and effects

• artists: Mahavishnu Orchestra, Return to Forever, Weather Report

Neoclassical Jazz

• 1980s, largely as reaction to avant-garde and fusion, the Neoclassical movement (in the jazz world) was a return to strictly acoustic instruments and more traditional jazz styles basically everything up until 1960s avant-garde)

Bossa Nova

• relaxed straight 1/8th note groove

• features clave rhythm

• developed from Brazilian Samba in the 1950s

• associated with composer Antonia Carlos Jobim and guitarist Joao Gilberto

ECM Records

• Prominent German record label founded by Manfred Eicher

Miles Davis

• trumpet player and bandleader

• played a significant role in the development of cool jazz, hard bop, post bop, and fusion

Charlie Parker

• alto saxophonist, bebop innovator

Dizzy Gillespie

• trumpet player, bebop innovator

Wynton Marsalis

• Neo-Classical trumpet player

• founder of Jazz at Lincoln Center

Cecil Taylor

• Avant-garde pianist

Chick Corea

• pianist/keyboardist

• founder of fusion group Return to Forever

John McLaughlin

• fusion guitarist

• founder of the Mahavishnu Orchestra

Original Dixieland Jazz Band

• New Orleans jazz group

• recorded the first jazz album in 1917

Jazz Messengers

• one of the most famous hard bop groups

• co-founded by drummer Art Blakey and pianist Horace Silver

Jaco Pastorius

• first famous fretless bass player

• bassist for the fusion group Weather Report

Return to Forever

• fusion group

• founded by pianist/keyboardist Chick Corea

Weather Report

• fusion group founded by saxophonist Wayne Shorter and keyboard Joe Zawinul