science 8 unit E section 3-4

what is an ecosystem?

any place on Earth where living and non-living things interact

what is diversity?

variety of species in an ecosystem

which is more diverse- oceans or lakes?

oceans, more and different environments

more species indicate a healthy ecosystem. WHy?

more oxygen and less pollutants

oceans and lakes have zones? do organisms only live in one?

no they can live in one, two, or three

what are the 3 zones of a lake?

upper zone, middle zone and lower zone

describe the upper zone of a lake

area of the lake from the sore to where plants stop growing, theres fish, clam and frogs

describe the middle zone of the lake

open water area that still has light penetration

describe the lowest zone of a lake

area where no light reaches so theres no plants. Food for animals here floats down from above zones as waster from other plants and animals

oceans have a greater difference in _________,____________, and ______ than lakes

salinity, depth and water movements

what are the 4 zones in oceans?

estuary, intertidal zone, continential shelf and oceanic zone

describe the estuary zone of an ocean

where fresh and salt water mix to form brackish water (most diverse and rich ecosystem)

describe the intertidal zone of an ocean. What must plants and animals who live here be able to do?

it is the shoreline of the ocean, plants and animals here must be able to withstand the pounding of waves and live out of water when low tides come

describe the continential shelf zone of an ocean

the land extending from the edge of the continent, its shallow, warm, the light penetrates and theres lots of nutrients

describe the oceanic zone of an ocean

its the area with no light which is very deep. Food for the animals here is from the dead matrerials from other zones above and theres little oxygen yet many animals

what is an adaptation?

physical characterisitc or behavior of species that incrwase their survival chances in a specific environment

when an ecosystem changes, organisms living there must _______________ to increase their chance in survival such as changes to _________________,_______,___________, etc

adapt to their environment specifically

breathing, eating, and moving

what are 5 factors that animals are adapted to?

temperature, light, salinity, pressure, and water movement

how do animals adapt to temperature?

animals like fish adapted to cold water cannot survive in warm water and vice versa. They are adapted to their own habitat's temperature

how do animals adapt to light?

animals living deep in oceans or lakes with no light survive without it by mkaing their own. No plants can photosynthesize.

how do animals adapt to pressure?

deep sea animals can withstand high pressure and their bodies dont function in low pressure. Vice versa.

how do animals adapt to salinity?

organisms living in fresh water cannot survive in salt water because the salt draws fluids out of their prgans. Sea animals like fish have gills to pump out excess salt. Salt water animals cannot survive in fresh water because osmosis causes fresh water to flow into thier cells and accumalate

how do animals adapt to water movement?

some animals and plants who live in areas where the water moves strongly like the shoreline must be able to withstand the force of the pounding waves and the debris the water carries. Some attach themselves to rocks, have hard shells, or burrow in the sand

what is population?

a group of organisms of the same species living in a particular area

what are seasonal changes in population?

dramatic changes in the population size from extreme difference in temperatures (summer and winter so it happens annually)

what happens to the animal populations during seasonal changes?

some die because they cannot withstand the hot or cold temperatures, but some are just hibernating or are in their breeding stages

what is a short term change in population?

they happen quickly and dont last long, from natural or human activity

what is an example of a short term change in population?

the salamander population may dissapear from a pond when a drought dries up the pond but once rain refills it, they reappear

what is a long term change in population?

changes with long lasting effects from natural or human activity

give an example of a long lasting change in population.

when we introduce an invasisve species to an ecosystem, it reduces some of the orginal natural populations (competition) which can intterupt food webs

do only humans have water quality standards?

no, other organisms have them too just not as high as humans

what are 2 things that can change water quality?

acid rain and is algae bloom

how does acid rain affect water quality?

acid rain from chemicals the rain dissolved in rocks or in the air from factories gets in lake water and becomes too acidic, killing plants and animals

how does algae bloom affect water quality? what is it?

algal bloom is when fertilizers in farmers fields enters the water and causes a growth of algae coveirng the surface of the lake. No light penetration causes underwater plants to die which reduces oxygen and kills animals

on a world scale, the total amount of water is _______ but theres a different ____________in each place

renewable

amount of water

how does the water cycle work?

water evaporates from lakes and rivers. Water vapour condenses into clouds and when the clouds become too heavy, precipiation falls as rain, snow, hail, or sleet

what are direct and indirect uses of water vapour? what are the 3 main uses of water in the world?

direct uses or domestic and personal uses and indirect uses are like manufactoring and agriclulture

agriclture, industry and domestic

describe how water is used in agriculture. What are the pros and cons to it?

for irragation of crops. It provides food, jobs and economy (exporting goods) but depletes the ground water supplies, and over irragation increases the salinity of soil which decreases vegetation

what percent of total water use is agriculture? is it an indirect or direct use?

73% indirect

how is water used in industry? is it direct or indirect and what percent?

22% indirect,used as coolants, solvents, and for dilluting polutants before returning the used water to the enivironment. the plastic industry uses lots of water and we use many plastic products.

how is water used domestically? what percent is it and is it direct or indirect?

used at home for things like brushing our teeth or showering. it is conveinient but very expensive however it is neccessary. 5% and direct

what are the pros and cons of industry?

provides jobs, services and products but deplets ground water and causes pollution

how does run off from farms pollute water?

run off from farms have fertilizer causing exxcessive plant growth like algae and may have herbicides whihc can kill plants and animals livinign in the waters

how does run off from cities pollute water?

it can have oil and salts, or other bacteria from roads

how do factories pollute water?

they add toxic chemicals to the water and practice thermal pollution

how do power stations (generates electricity) pollute water?

discharge warm water into lakes (thermal pollution)

why is thermal pollution bad?

it reduces saturation of oxygen in lakes and kills animals who cant tolerate the warmth

how does oil get into the water?

from ships carrying it or runoff from cities

how does sewage water pollute natural water?

sewage contains nitrogen which increases the micro organism population. They use up all the oxygen and phosphourous in the sewafes promotes plant growth and changes the ecosystem

what is habitat destruction? what causes it?

takes away places where plants and animals live . pollution, invasisve speices, farming, diminishing resources and humans finding more land to live on causes it

what does monitoring mean?

to observe and check things for a purpose

town and city water is monitored _______ , measuring _________ and ________ to elimate them

regularly

chemicals and organisms

what are the 3 types of watrer?

surface warer, ground water and atmospheric water

what is surface water? give examples

water found on earth surface like lakes, wetlants, and glaciers

what is ground water? give examples

underground in cracks in soil sand or rock. Examples are aquifers and the water table

what is an aquifer?

layer of water bearing permeable rock or gravel and sand

what is the water table?

lebel of groundwaer where soil and rocks bear lots of water

what is atmospheric water? give examples

water in the atmosphere either solid, liquid or gas such as fog, clouds, mist and animals breathing

what does percolate mean?

when water absorbs into the soil

what does water do once it returns to earth?

percolates, or becomes run off and flows to watersheds eventually draining into an ocean or lake

What is transpiration?

evaporation of water from plant leaves

what is sublimation? give an example

when solids turn to gas without going through liquid stae, example is snow turns to vapour in atmospehere

what is despoition in the water cycle? give an example

gas to solid without going through liquid stae, water vapour forming frost on windows

which climate is more moderate- inland or coastal? Why?

coastal because water has a higher heat capacity so it cools and heats slower than land

what is the climate of coastal places like in the summer and during the day? WHY?

cool, warm air above the land (land absorbed sun) rises and cool air from ocean replaces it

what is the climate of coastal places like in the winter and during the night? WHY?

warm because land loses heat quickly, warm air from ocean rises and radiates heat to land while cold air from land replaces it

what is the climate of the inland places like during the day/summer and night/winter?

cold during night and warm during day