Back of Book Questions

Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

part of Peripherial nervous system (PNS); regulates the involuntary activities of organs, glands, and smooth muscles, with the exception of breathing, which is both vountary and involuntary

Axon

part of neuron that transmits impulses AWAY from the cell body

Central Nervous System (CNS)

part of nervous system that occupies a central or medial position in body and includes brain, spinal cord, meninges, and cerebralspinal fluid (CSF)

Dendrites

short and narrow extensions of neuron that transmit imipulses to the cell body

myelin

white fatty substance that insulates axons and prevents impulse “leakage” to adjacent neurons

nerve

bundles of nerve fibers surrounded by serveral layers of connective tissue

neurons

impulse-conducting cells of the nervous system, and possess properties of excitability or irritability, conductivity, and secretion

parasympathetic division

divison of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) that dominates duringn restful and calm situations to help the body conserve and restore energy; also called the carniosacral division

Peripheral nervous system

part of the nervous system composed of cranial nerves emerging from the brain and spinal nerves emerging from the spinal cord

somatic nervous system

part of the peripheral nervous system thaat transmites sensory input, such as vision, hearinig, taste, smell, and touch, and the voluntary function of skeletal muscles, with the exception of cranial and spinal reflexes, which are involuntary

sympathetic division

division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) that dominates during dangerous or stressful situations and helps the body produce the energy needed for physical exertion; also called thoracolumbar division

synapse

junction between two neurons or between a neuron and a muscle or gland, where nerve impulses are transmitted allowing communication through neurotransmitters.

Alpha (8 to 13Hz)

brain wave pattern associated with calmness and relaxation

cerebellum

cauliflower-shaped structure located posterior and inferior to cerebrum and is responsible for balance, posture, coordinationi, equilibrium, and muscle tone

cerebrum

largest and most superior portion of brain where sensations are consciously perceived, where skeletal muscle motor movements are initiated, and where emotional and intellectual processes occur

frontal lobe

brain region that regulates executive functions such as judgement, problem-solving, planning, concentration, self-awareness, cognition, intelligence, as well as personality. Also contains BROCA’S area, critical for speech production

hypothalamus

brain structure located in the diencephalon of the brain that regulates the autonomic nervous system (ANS) as well as controls behavioral patterns and 24-hour cycle called circadian rhythm

medulla oblongata

most inferior portion of brainstem, and transmits sensory and motor impulses between parts of the brain and the spinal cord; contains the respiratory, cardiovascular, and vasomotor centers, and regulates autonomic functions such as blood pressure, gastric secretions, sweating, sneezing, swallowing, and vomiting

meninges

connective tissue covering that surrounding the brain and spinal cordprovides protection and support, consisting of three layers: dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater. ne

nerve impulse

electrical signal that conveys information along a neuron

neurotransmitters

classes of chemical messengers involved in synaptic transmission and stored in synaptic vesicles of presynaptic neurons

relfex arc

neural pathway used to produce a reflex

spinal cord

cylindrical bundle of nerve fibers extending from the brainstem

thalamus

largest portion of the diencephalon; relays sensory information (except olfaction) to appropriate parts of the cerebrum

sensory adaptation

gradual decrease in receptor responsiveness to a constant or prolonged stimulus

schwann cells

produce the fatty myelin sheath around axons in the PNS and are similar to oligodendrocytes of the CNS

dermatone

areas of skin supplied by a specific sensory spinal nerve root

interoceptors (visceroceptors)

receptors located internally and respond to stimuli such as heartbeat, breathing, hunger, satiety, thirst, and the urge to defecate or urinate

golgi tendon organs

tenson-sensitive receptors located at musculotendinous junctions; if tension is too great, motor nerves are inhibitied and muscle contration is prevented

muscle spindles

stretch-sensitive receptors that monitor changes in muscle length and cause reflexive contraction

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

clear, colorless fluid surrounding the central nervous system (CNS) and is found within the subarachnoid space

nociceptors

receptors that detect actual or potential ttissue damage, are sensitive to pain, and serve a protective function by sending signals of a possible threat

blood-brain barrier (BBB)

tightly packed group of cells in the lining of blood vessels that supply the central nervous system (CNS) and allow the passage of some molecules such as oxygen and glucose, but prevent the passage of some harmful molecules, like viruses, drugs, and even blood itselfand toxins that could damage the brain.

proprioceptors

specialized interoceptors found in muscles, joints, fascia, and ears that detch body movements, body position in space, and muscle stretch

nodes of ranvier

unmyelinated spaces between myelinated sheaths, which increases the speed of the nerve impulses

limbic system

areas of the brain that regulate behavioral and emotional responses, especially those needed for survival, and include the hypothalamus, thalamus, amygdala, hippocampus, and the olfactory bulbs

which property describes the ability of a neuron to release neurotransmitters

secretion

what is the correct meningeal order from deep to superficial

pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater

what is a bundle of transverse fibers connecting the right and left cerebral hemispheres called

corpus callosum

which is the proper classifcation for a sensory neuron

afferent neuron

receptors in muscles, tendons, and joints are:

proprioceptors

the reabsorption of neurotransmitters by the presynaptic neuron is called:

reuptake

which is nerve impulse conduction along myelinated axons

saltatory conduction

which lobe contains the somatosensory cortex, which is the primary sensory area in the brain

parietal lobe

which brainwave is associated iwth day-dreaming

alpha waves

several brain structures involved in processing and regulating of emotions, learning and the formation and storage of memories, reproduction, and caring for young is collectively called the

limbic system

which cranial nerve regulates heart rate, respiration rate, and blood pressure

vagus nerve

the receptor that constantly sends out motor impulses (even at rest) to help maintain muscle tone is called

muscle spindle