Digestive and Urinary Systems Exam Review

Flashcards covering key vocabulary and concepts from digestive and urinary systems lecture notes.

Stomach (Digestive Organ)

Primary function is protein digestion.

Small intestine (Digestive Organ)

Primary function is nutrient absorption.

Liver (Digestive Organ)

Primary function is bile production.

Pancreas (Digestive Organ)

Primary function is enzyme secretion.

Amylase

Digestive enzyme that breaks down starch; secreted by salivary glands/pancreas

Pepsin

Digestive enzyme (stomach) that breaks down protein.

Lipase

Digestive enzyme (pancreas) that breaks down lipids.

Cephalic Phase (Gastric Juice Secretion)

Sight/smell; vagus nerve triggers gastrin.

Gastric Phase (Gastric Juice Secretion)

Stretch and protein stimulate HCl and pepsinogen.

Intestinal Phase (Gastric Juice Secretion)

Chyme triggers inhibitory hormones.

Gastrin

Hormone released after vagus nerve stimulation, which leads to Parietal cells secreting HCl.

Ingestion

One of the six major activities of the digestive system.

Propulsion

One of the six major activities of the digestive system.

Mechanical Digestion

One of the six major activities of the digestive system.

Chemical Digestion

One of the six major activities of the digestive system.

Absorption

One of the six major activities of the digestive system.

Defecation

One of the six major activities of the digestive system.

Mechanical Digestion

Chewing and churning.

Chemical Digestion

Enzymatic breakdown of macromolecules.

Amylase

Enzyme; Carbs are broken down into glucose by amylase.

Pepsin/Trypsin

Enzymes; Proteins are broken down into amino acids by pepsin/trypsin.

Lipase

Enzyme; Fats are broken down into fatty acids by lipase.

Enterocytes

Absorb broken down organic molecules into blood/lymph.

Pepsin

Digestive enzyme; breaks down protein.

Lipase

Digestive enzyme; breaks down fats.

Amylase

Digestive enzyme; breaks down carbs.

Bile

Emulsifies fats.

Bile Salts

emulsifies fats for lipase action.

Liver Hepatocytes

Synthesize bile salts from cholesterol.

HCl

Denatures proteins.

Mucus

Protects lining (of the digestive system).

SGLT-1

Glucose is absorbed via SGLT-1.

GLUT-2

Glucose is facilitated into blood via GLUT-2.

Chylomicrons

Fatty acids and monoglycerides are reassembled into chylomicrons.

Absorptive State

High insulin; glycogen synthesis; lipogenesis.

Post-Absorptive State

Low insulin; glycogenolysis; gluconeogenesis.

Insulin

Hormone; In the absorptive metabolic state.

Glucagon and Cortisol

Hormones; In the post-absorptive metabolic state.

Diabetes

Metabolic disease; characterized by glucose in urine.

Starvation

Metabolic disease; characterized by ketones in urine.

Internal Anal Sphincter

During defecation stretch receptors trigger spinal reflex, relaxing internal anal sphincter.

Buffer System

pH regulation

Glomerulus

Filters plasma into Bowman’s capsule (urine formation).

Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)

Nephron; bulk reabsorption occurs.

Loop of Henle

Nephron; concentrates urine.

Distal Convoluted Tubule/Collecting Duct (DCT/CD)

Nephron; fine-tuning ions.

Bowman's Capsule

Structure involved in filtration

Loop of Henle

Structure that concentrates urine.

Aldosterone

Hormone; increases Na⁺ reabsorption and K⁺ secretion.

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

Hormone; increases water reabsorption.

Arrhythmia

High K⁺ can cause arrhythmia.

Hypotension

Low Na⁺ can cause hypotension.

Acidosis

Increases H⁺ secretion and HCO₃⁻ reabsorption.

Juxtaglomerular Cells

Release renin → angiotensin II → vasoconstriction and aldosterone release (blood pressure regulation).

ACE Inhibitors

Medication; block angiotensin II (blood pressure medication).

Diuretics

Medication; lower plasma volume (blood pressure medication).

Respiratory Acidosis

CO₂ retention.

Metabolic Acidosis

HCO₃⁻ loss.

Ketoacidosis

Acidic urine can be indicative of ketoacidosis.

UTI or Vomiting

Alkaline urine can be indicative of UTI or vomiting.

Glucose in Urine

Abnormal component of urine; can be indicative of diabetes.

Protein in Urine

Abnormal component of urine; can be indicative of kidney damage.

Ketones in Urine

Abnormal component of urine; can be indicative of starvation/diabetes.