Cognition

Encoding

getting info into memory

Automatic Encoding

requires no effort

what did you have for breakfast?

Effortful Encoding

requires attention

school work

Shallow, Intermediate, Deep processing

the more emphasis on MEANING the deeper the processing, the better remembered

Imagery

attaching images to information makes it easier to remember- visual encoding

Acoustic Encoding

“sounds like” just repeating words

Semantic Encoding

making personal meaning of info learned is strongest (deepest) encoding

Self-referent Encoding

we better remember what we are interested in

you’d remember someone’s phone number who you’d find extrememly attractive

Dual Encoding

using multiple methods of processing to remember

photos and words

Chunking

break info unto smaller units to aid in memory

like how a phone number is in 3 different sections

Mnemonics

shortcuts to help us remember info easier

Acronyms

using letters to remember something

PEMDAS, HATCH

Method of Loci

using locations to remember a list of items in order

Per-word

using a rhyme with imagery to remember lists in order

Context Depending Memory

where you learn the info you best remember the info

scuba divers testing

State Dependent Memory

the physical state you were in when learning is the way you should be when testing

study high, test high

Depth of Processing

the deeper (more effort, thought) you think about something the more you remember

Storage

Retaining info over time

Atkinson-Shiffrin Model/ Information Processing Model

sensory memory → short term memory → long term memory

Sensory Memory

stores all incoming stimuli that you receive ( first you have to pay attention)

Iconic Memory

visual memory, last 0.3 seconds

Echoic Memory

auditory memory, lasts 2-3 seconds

Short Term Memory

info passes from sensory memory to STM - lasts 30 seconds, can remember 5-9 bits of info

Rehearsal

repeating the info

Long Term Memory

lasts a life a lifetime

Explicit Memory

conscious recollection

Episodic Memory

events

Retrospection Memory

past

Prospective Memory

future

Semantic Memory

facts

Implicit Memory

unconscious recollection

priming

info that is seen earlier **primes** you to remember something later on

Procedural

skills (muscle memory)

\*\*needs to clearly be an example without conscious thought on FRQ

Hierarchies

memory is stored according to a heirarchy

Semantic Networks

linked memories are stored together

Schemas

preexisting mental concept of how something should look

like a restaurant

Long-Term Potentiation

neural basis of memory- connections are strengthen over time with repeated stimulation (more firing of neurons)

Retrieval

taking info out of storage

Recall

remember what you’ve been told without cues

essays

recognition

remember what you’ve been told w cues

multiple choice

flashbulb memories

particularly vivid memories for high important events

9/11 attack

Repressesed Memories

unconsciously buried memories - are unreliable

Encoding Failure

forget info bc you never encoded it (payed attention to it) in the first place

Encoding Specifically Principle

the more closely retrieval cues math the way we learn info, we remember the info, like state dependent memory

Forgetting Curve

recall decreases rapidly at first, then reaches a plateau after which little more is forgotten, ebbinghaus

Serial Position Effect

remember more at the beginning of a list (primacy effect) or the end of a list (recency effect) but forget the middle

Spacing Effect

distributed practice leads to stronger encoding than massed practice

PORN

Proactive interference

Old blocks new

Retroactive interference

New blocks old

Misinformation Effect

distortion of memory by suggestion or misinformation, Elizabeth Loftus

Framing

the way a question is framed impacts how the info is recalled/perceived

how fast were the cars going when they got smashed vs how fast were the cars going when they collided

Anterograde Amnesia

amnesia moves forward forget new info)

Retrograde Amnesia

amnesia moves backwards (forget old info)

Source Amnesia

can’t remember where you got info from

Alzheimers Disease

caused by destruction of acetylcholine in hippocampus

Phonemes

smallest unit of sound (ch sound chat)

**M**orphemes

smallest unit that carries **m**eaning

ex) -ed **means** past tense

Grammer

rules in a language that enables us to communicate

Semantics

set of rules by which we derive meaning

ex)adding -ed to the end of something means it was in the past

Syntax

rules for combining words into sentences/ order of words in a sentence

ex) white house vs casa blanca (house white)

Surface Structures

actual written/spoken message

Deep Structures

intended meaning

ex) i never said she stole the money has 7 different interpretations

Babbling state

1st stage of speech 

Behavioral Theory

Skinner- learn languages through pos. reinforcement

Imitation

kids repeat what they hear

**N**ativistic Theory

**N**oam Chomsky- language is innate/ biological; we are predisposed to learn

Language Acquisition Devise (LAD)

we are both with the innate ability to learn language

Universal Grammar

Proves the LAD because languages across the globe developed the same components of language separately

Overregularization

grammer mistake- children overuse certain morphemes

ex) i goed to the park

Critical Period

period of time where something must be learned or else it cannot ever happy (language is at age 7- Genie the Wild Child)

Linguistic Determination

language influences the way we think- Ben Whorf

Metacognition

thinking about the way we think

Concepts

mental categories used to group objects, events, and characteristics

Prototypes

all instances of a concept are compared to an ideal example (what you first think of)

Algorithms

step by step strategies that guarantee a solution

ex) formula

Heuristics

short cut strategy (rule of thumb)

Representative Heuristic

make judgment based on your experience (like a stereotype)

ex)assume someone is a librarian because they’re quiet

Availability Heuristic

make a judgement based on the first thing that pop into your head

ex) assume planes are dangerous because you saw a crash in the news

Metal Set

keep using one strategy to solve a problem- cannot think outside of the box- also called perceptual set

Functional Fixedness

can only see one (common) use for an item- cannot think outside of the box to use it in a unique way

Inductive Reasoning

data drives decisions

Deductive Reasoning

driven by logic

Divergent Thinking

ability to think about many different things at once (creative)

Convergent Thinking

one answer- limits creativity

Belief Bias

tendency of ones preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning by making invalid conclusions

Belief Perspective

cling to our beliefs in the face of contrary evidence

FRQ answers: belief contrary evidence, believe stays

Confirmation Bias

look for evidence to support what we already believe in

FRQ answers: belief, seek supporting evidence to support it,, belief stays

Crystalized Intelligence

language skills & facts- what you learn in school, hard(like crystals) facts, increase w age

Fluid Intelligence

spatial abilities, processing speed, abstract thinking- can’t learn in school, decrease w age

Spearman G Factor

said a general intelligence (g) underlies all mental bailies (typical IQ of today)

Gardner

multiple intelligences (8): linguistic, logical-mathematical musical, spatial, bodily- kinesthetic, interpersonal (self), interpersonal (others), naturalist

Sternberg

triarchic theory

Analytical

book smart- mental components to solve problems , what IQ tests assess

Practical

street smart- ability to size up new situations and adapt to real life damands

Creative

intellectual and motivational processes that lead to novel solutions, ideas, and products

Binet

developed 1st intelligence test, combined w Terman, developed the Stanford-Binet Test

how to find IQ

mental age/chronological age x100

**W**echsler

developed the **W**AIS and **W**ISC- most commonly used today

Flynn Effect

IQ has steadily risen over the past 80 years, due to education standards and better IQ test

Extremes of Intelligence (outliers)

high IQ- above 135

intellectually disadvantage- below 70

Genetics

Monozygous twins have similar IQ, adopted kids are more similar to bio parents