Small Animal Nursing I Lecture Exam 2 - Zoonotic Disease, Small Animal Diseases, Therapeutic Techniques, and Small Animal Medical History

By contact with an infected animal's saliva (bite, open wound, or contact with mucous membranes)

How is rabies most commonly transmitted?

• About 5,000 cases, with more than 90% of cases occurring in wildlife

• Only about 10% of cases in the US occur in domestic animals

How many rabies cases are reported in the US each year?

3-12 weeks

Incubation of rabies takes _____ weeks after exposure for symptoms to appear

• Flu like symptoms

• Weakness

• Fever

• Headache

• Discomfort

• Prickling or itching at the site of the bite

What are early clinical signs of rabies?

The condition is fatal

What is the prognosis of a rabies-infected animal once they start showing symptoms?

Human rabies immune globulin (HRIG) with rabies vaccine on the day of the exposure/bite, followed by a dose of the vaccine on days 3, 7, and 14

What does post-rabies exposure prophylaxis consist of?

• Salmonella spp

• Pasteurella spp

• Escherichia coli

• Pseudomonas spp

• Resistant staphylococcus spp

What are examples of zoonotic bacteria that veterinary professionals may be exposed to?

Methicillin-resistant S. pseudointermedius (MRSP)

The evolution of _____ bacteria is causing great concern among public health authorities and health care facilities

Exudate

Fluids that leak out of blood cells into nearby tissues

• Through direct contact with animals and their exudates

• Cuts or open sores

• Some bacteria may be aerosolized and inhaled or absorbed through mucous membranes

How is bacteria most likely to be transferred in a hospital setting?

Good personal hygiene

What is the best protection against exposure to bacteria?

Lyme disease and leptospirosis

What are common bacterial zoonotic diseases?

Spirochete bacteria

What type of bacteria is lyme disease?

• Deer tick (Ixodes spp.)

• Borrelia burgdorferi

What type of tick is responsible for spreading lyme disease, and what bacterium does it transfer to a host?

Aches in the joints, fever, and other flu-like symptoms

Lyme disease in humans is characterized by _____

• Direct contact of mucous membranes

• Abraded skin with infected urine

How is leptospirosis commonly transmitted?

Gram-negative spirochete bacteria

What type of bacteria is leptospirosis?

Causes kidney, liver, and respiratory disease

How does leptospirosis affect most mammals?

• Fever

• Rash

• Meningitis

• Hemorrhage

• Liver and kidney disease

How does leptospirosis affect infected humans?

Microsporum canis

Name the fungus that causes ringworm

Cats and horses

Which animals are particularly susceptible to ringworm infection?

Ringworm (a fungal infection)

An infection of the skin caused by Microsporum canis

Internal larvae migrates

A parasitic infection in which roundworm larvae migrate to other organs in the body and develop into a cyst-like growth

A parasitic infection in which roundworm larvae migrate to the eye potentially causing permanent damage to the retina and blindness

What is ocular larval migrans, and what damage can it cause to an infected patient?

The passage of worms from the female dog to the fetus occurs through the placenta and via lactation

Why do puppies always have some level of roundworm infestation?

A parasitic infection in which hookworm larvae migrate and cause pruritic tracks under the skin

What is cutaneous larval migrans?

An infestation by a protozoan known as toxoplasma gondii

What is toxoplasmosis?

• Non-sporulated Toxoplasma eggs are shed in the feces of infected cats

• These eggs sporulate (evolve from a non-infective into an infective form) 2- 4 days later

• 3-day-old sporulated oocysts pose a danger to a fetus if ingested by a pregnant person

How does toxoplasmosis spread/develop infection?

Giardia and coccidia

List two zoonotic protozoal agents that may cause diarrhea and gastrointestinal cramping in humans

• Through contact with infected animals (particularly puppies and kittens)

• By drinking contaminated water

How can giardia and coccidia spread to humans?

Harbors the adult parasite

What is the role of a definitive host?

Harbors the immature parasite

What is the role of an intermediate host?

Harbors a parasite but is not affected by the parasite

What is the role of a reservoir host?

Definitive host

An organism which supports the adult or sexually reproductive form of a parasite

Intermediate host

An organism that supports the immature or non-reproductive forms of a parasite

• Number of parasites

• Location in the host

• Production of toxin

• Interference with patient's biology

Parasites can cause significant damage to the host. What can the amount of damage be affected by?

Ectoparasites

Fleas, lice, ticks, mites, chiggers, biting flies, and myiasis-inducing flies are examples of

Endoparasites

Nematodes, cestodes, trematodes, and protozoa are examples of

• Parasitic life cycles

• Clues regarding risks

• Clues to prevention

• Clues to treatment interval protocols

What should you discuss with a client regarding parasites?

Parasites with jointed appendages or feet

What are arthropods?

Fleas, ticks, lice and mites (scabies mites, walking dandruff mites)

What is an example of an arthropod?

Ascarines

An arthropod that falls under the classifications of ticks or mites

Scabies mites

Sarcoptes scabiei are also known as

Sarcoptes scabiei

What is the scientific name for scabies mites?

Otoacariasis

Ticks and mites of the ear canal

Selamectin (Frontline)

What is the treatment for a patient infected with arthropods?

Sarcoptes scabiei (scabies mites)

An arthropod that causes extreme pruritus, hyperemia and alopecia

By placing a superficial skin scraping on a glass slide with a drop of mineral oil

How is scabies diagnosed?

• Transmission to humans occurs from direct contact with an infected dog, contact with a contaminated environment, and fomites

• Hospital should be disinfected with pyrethrins (found naturally in chrysanthemum flowers)

What is the zoonotic risk of scabies?

Patients bathed to remove debris and crusting scabs. Treated with two topical treatments of Selamectin (Frontline) 30 days apart.

How do you treat a patient infected with scabies?

Walking dandruff mite

Cheyletiella parasitivorax is also known as

Cheyletiella parasitivorax

What is the scientific name for walking dandruff mite?

Cheyletiella parasitivorax (Walking dandruff mite)

Arthropod that affects dogs, cats, and rabbits with intense pruritus from excess keratin

Breeding female dogs and cats (yagura is the dog mite and C. blakei is the cat mite)

Asymptomatic carriers of walking dandruff mites

By parting the hair to observe mites walk along the skin or using a flea comb.

They have accessory "hooks" on the head and a "comb-like" structure at the feet.

How do you diagnose walking dandruff mites?

• Spreads to humans through direct contact with infected patient or via fomites (can live up to 10 days off the host within the environment)

• Causes severe pruritus in humans

What is the zoonotic risk of walking dandruff mites?

Patients bathed to remove debris and crusting scabs.

Systemic treatment with Ivermectin, Selamectin, or Moxidectin for 6 weeks

What is the treatment for a patient with walking dandruff mites?

Demodex sp

Common names for this parasite include "skin mite" or "mange mite"

• Transmission of tick-borne diseases such as Rocky Mountain Spotted fever, Q fever, Tularemia, Tick paralysis, and Cytauxzoonosis

• Protozoan parasites

• Serve as a vector for bacteria, viruses, chlamydia, and spirochetes

What is the zoonotic risk of ticks?

• Fipronil, and Amitraz for dogs

• Fipronil and Selamectin for cats

• Always notify owners that tick products are species specific and should not be used interchangeably

What is treatment for a patient with a tick infestation?

The fleas of the dog and cat, respectively

Ctenocephalides canis and ctenocephalides felis are known as

Ctenocephalides canis and ctenocephalides felis

What are the scientific names for the dog flea and the cat flea?

• The cat flea has the potential to spread Bartonella henselae (cat scratch fever) via fecal matter

• Yersinia pestis also known as "the plague"

What is the zoonotic risk of fleas?

A flea-borne disease that can spread to humans by the fecal matter of a cat and cause the immunocompromised to develop tumors

What is cat scratch fever?

Bubonic, septicemic, and pneumonic

Pneumonic is the only form that can spread from person to person

What are the three forms of yersinia pestis ("the plague") and which form can spread from person to person?

Cestodes

Adult tapeworms of dogs and cats

Metacestodes

Tapeworm larvae are known as

The intestinal tract of dogs, cats, ferrets, and humans

Where can cestodes be found?

Scolex (head), the neck, and the strobila (body)

What are the three basic parts of a cestode?

• A type of cestode with cucumber seed-like proglottids (chain of segments)

• Double pore possesses two sets of male and female reproductive organs

• Egg packets contain 20- 30 embryos; thousands per segment

What is dipylidium caninum?

Cysticercoid

The infective stage of dipylidium caninum carried in the larval stage of the flea

• The small tapeworm of the dog

• Intermediate hosts are sheep and cattle within the visceral organs

What is echinococcus granulosus?

• The small tapeworm of cats and foxes

• Rodents as intermediate hosts within the liver and lungs

What is echinococcus multilocularis?

Echinococcus granulosus

Give the scientific name for the small tapeworm of the dog

Echinococcus multilocularis

Give the scientific name for the small tapeworm of the cat

• "Zipper tapeworm" of dogs and cats

• Crustaceans are intermediate hosts as they harbor the first larval stage

What is spirometra mansonoides?

Spirometra mansonoides

What is the scientific name for the zipper tapeworm of cats and dogs?

Dogs and cats are usually asymptomatic but tapeworm segments may be found in the feces or around the anus

What are symptoms of cestodes in dogs and cats?

Praziquantel, epsiprantel, or fenbendazole

What is the treatment for cestodes?

A child can develop an adult tapeworm if they ingest a cysticercoid

What is the zoonotic potential of cestodes?

Nematodes

Roundworms are also known as

Nematodes (roundworms)

Parasitize the widest assortment of wild and domestic animals

In the small intestine of dog and cat hosts

Where can roundworms be found?

Roundworms that affect the small intestine of the dog, cat, and dog and cat, respectively

Toxocara canis, cati, and leonine are known as

Toxocara canis

What is the scientific name for the roundworm that affects the dog?

Toxocara cati

What is the scientific name for the roundworm that affects the cat?

Toxocara leonine

What is the scientific name for the roundworm that affects both the dog and cat?

A type of roundworm that affects raccoons

What is baylisascaris procyonis?

Toxocara canis (canine roundworm)

Form in the dog, are shed into the environment where they develop and then are re-ingested by the dog and become encysted

• Vomiting, diarrhea, and enlarged abdomen in puppies

• Flatulence

• Poor growth

What are symptoms of toxocara canis?

Young kittens are often asymptomatic, but heavy infection can cause diarrhea, abdominal distention, rough hair coat, and dehydration

What are the symptoms of toxocara cati?

Paratenic host

Harbors the immature parasite but is not necessary in its development. It stays in suspended animation until eaten by a new host.

Fecal flotation or centrifugation with ID of eggs (fresh fecal sample is best for diagnosis)

How do you diagnose hookworms, roundworms, and whip worms?

• Pyrantel pamoate

• Fenbendazole (Panacur)

• Moxydexin (NexGard/ Trifexis)

• Milbemycin oxime (Interceptor)

• Selamectin (Selarid)

How do you treat a patient with roundworms?

Abiding by leash laws, picking up feces, discouraging pica and geophagia in children, and enforcing hand washing

How can humans aid in the prevention of roundworm infestations?

Ingestion of b. procyonis eggs can lead to neurologic larva migrans (NLM), the migration of larvae to the brain and spinal cord

What is the zoonotic potential of baylisascaris procyonis?

Baylisascaris procyonis (raccoon roundworms)

Mainly found in the small intestine of the raccoon

Ancylostoma

"Hookworm" found in the intestines of dogs and cats

Ancylostoma (hookworms)

Parasites that have unique teeth and large buccal cavities

Pale mucous membranes/anemia, blood-tinged/tarry stools, or weight loss in cats

What are the clinical signs of hookworms?