Vaccine-Preventable Diseases & Immunisation

Immunity

an organism's ability to resist and defend against disease-causing pathogens by utilizing a complex system of cells, tissues, and organs

Vaccine

A biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular infectious disease

Immunisation

A process by which an individual becomes immune to an infectious disease by administration of a vaccine

Vaccination

The act of introducing a vaccine into the body to produce protection from a specific infectious disease

Antibodies or immunoglobulins

Y-shaped proteins produced by B cells to identify and neutralize foreign substances called antigens, such as bacteria, viruses, and toxins

First vaccine developed when for what by who

1796 to treat smallpox - Edward Jenner

Why are vaccines so helpful

Vaccination is one of the most successful and cost-effective public health interventions

Vaccines have saved more human lives than any other medical invention in history

Name 3 diseases that have been eradicated by vaccination

Smallpox

Measles

Poliomyelitis

How many vaccine-preventable diseases are there

>30 vaccine-preventable diseases

What is in a Live attenuated vaccine

a weakened form of a live pathogen

Give examples of Live attenuated vaccines

BCG

MMR

Oral polio

Intranasal influenza,

Varicella (chickenpox)

Yellow fever

What is in Inactivated “killed” vaccines

A pathogen rendered non-infectious by chemicals or heat

Give examples of Inactivated “killed” vaccines

Influenza, Pertussis, Inactivated Poliovirus (IPV), Rabies, Japanese encephalitis

What is in Subunit - recombinant, polysaccharide and conjugate vaccines

specific fragments of a pathogen to elicit an immune response ie polysaccharides or proteins

Give examples of Subunit - recombinant, polysaccharide and conjugate vaccines

Hib, Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine, Meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine, Hepatitis B polypeptide vaccine

What is in Toxoid vaccines

toxins created by bacteria that have been inactivated.

Give examples of Toxoid vaccines

Tetanus, Diphtheria

What is in Viral vector vaccines

uses a harmless virus to deliver the genetic code of an antigen to host cells

Give examples of Viral vector vaccines

Ebola, COVID-19 (AstraZenca, J&J)

What is in Messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines

uses a section of a pathogen’s genetic code for a specific protein which instructs host cells to produce

Give examples of Messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines

spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 virus in COVID-19 vaccine (Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna)

Give 5 VPD surveillance indicators

• Burden of all diseases: cases and deaths, morbidity and mortality rates

• Number of VPD cases, lab confirmed cases, rates/100,000

• Number of vaccine-preventable deaths, rates/1000 live births eg U5MR

• Number of deaths that could be averted if existing vaccines were used to their fullest potential

• Vaccine coverage rates in target population

What is the sustainable development goal for preventable deaths of newborns and children & under 5 mortality rate (U5MR)

End preventable deaths of newborns and children < 5 with U5MR reduced to 25 or fewer deaths per 1000 live births by 2030

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