Trimester 1 flashcards (copy)

AP bio

Prokaryotes

Prokaryotes

Cells that do not contain nuclei

Eukaryotes

organisms made up of one or more cells that have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

Eukaryotes vs Prokaryotes

eukaryotes have a nucleus and prokaryotes do not, as prokaryotes don't have membrane bound organisms

Nucleus

A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction

Cytoplasm

A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended

Endomembrane System

A network of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles.

Vesicles

small membrane sacs that specialize in moving products into, out of, and within a cell

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

An endomembrane system covered with ribosomes where many proteins for transport are assembled.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

an endomembrane system without ribosomes, creates lipids or fat

Golgi apparatus

A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell

Lysosomes

cell organelle filled with enzymes needed to break down certain materials in the cell

Mitochondria

An organelle found in large numbers in most cells, in which the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production occur.

Chloroplasts

organelles that capture the energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy in a process called photosynthesis

Cell Wall

A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell, found in plants and other bacterias

Cytoskeleton

A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement

Vacuole

Cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates

Turgor pressure

the pressure that is exerted on the inside of cell walls and that is caused by the movement of water into the cell

Compartmentalization

Membrane-bound organelles allow different parts of the cell to perform different functions at the same time

Endosymbiosis

A theorized process in which early eukaryotic cells were formed from simpler prokaryotes.

Origin of eukaryotic cells

Cell membrane

A cell structure that controls which substances can enter or leave the cell. semipermeable

Phospholipids

A molecule that is a constituent of the inner bilayer of biological membranes, having a polar, hydrophilic head and a nonpolar, hydrophobic tail. Only allowing small non polar molecules throug

Phospholipids bilayer

a two-layered arrangement of phosphate and lipid molecules that form a cell membrane, the hydrophobic lipid ends facing inward and the hydrophilic phosphate ends facing outward.

Saturated Fatty Acid Chain

contains a long linear or branched chain of carbon atoms

Unsaturated Fatty Acid Chain

one or more double carbon bonds causing the structure to bend

Cholesterol

used for structure in the cell membrane

Membrane fluidity

cell membrane is able to adapt its shape and move in different environments

Transport Proteins

membrane proteins that help move substances across a cell membrane, moves molecules that typically can't pass through the cell membrane due to it being too big or a polar molecule

Receptor Proteins

Proteins that transmit information in and out of cells. They allow communication between cells.

Glycolipid

is used for cell recognition and formation of tissues

Glycoprotein

allows immune responses and helps identify other cells

Fluid mosaic model

Structural model of the plasma membrane as a mosaic and giving it its fluid character due to the fluid components

concentration gradient

moving solutes and molecules from high to low

Passive Transport

uses no energy moving molecules with the concentration gradient through the membrane

facilitated diffusion

Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels

Channel Protein

a protein that allows the transport of specific substances across a cell membrane

Carrier Protein

binds specific solutes and transfers them through the cell membrane

Aquaporins

A transport protein in the plasma membrane of a plant or animal cell that specifically facilitates the diffusion of water across the membrane

Active Transport

Primary Active Transport

uses ATP directly to transport against the solutes against the gradient

Secondary Active Transport

Form of active transport which does not use ATP as an energy source; rather, transport is coupled to ion diffusion down a concentration gradient established by primary active transport.

Endocytosis

takes substances from outside and into the cell

Exocytosis

moves molecules outside the cell

Standard deviation

how far the values are from the mean

Ratios

a comparison of one quantity to another

surface area to volume affecting diffusion

as size and disance increase, diffusion takes longer

why bacteria so small

large surface area to volume ratio

Diffusion in multicellular organisms

less surface area to volume, because of the big volume, diffusion takes longer so they use other mechanisms

Solutes

dissolved substances

Molarity

concentration of a solute (mol/L) moles per liter

Osmosis

Movement of water across a semipermeable membrane

water potential

chemical and physical forces affecting the movement of water (Ψ = ΨS + ΨP)

Osmotic pressure

tendency of water to move from one solution into another through osmosis

Tonicity

osmotic pressure and direction of water movement

Hypertonic

higher solute concentration, water moves out and cell shrink

Hypotonic

lower solute concentration, water moves into the cell and it bursts

Isotonic

concentration is the same

Contractile vacuoles

take excess water from inside the cell and expel it out through contraction

Osmoregulation

regulation of osmotic pressure inside cells and organisms

cellular respiration

Substrate-level phosphorylation

glycolysis

pyruvate oxidation

Krebs Cycle

electron carriers used in cellular respiration

glycogen

respiratory electron transport chain

Oxidative phosphorylation

proton gradient

Lactic acid fermentation

Singal Transduction

chemical or physical signal occurs between cells

Amplification

increases the amount of reaction products from a small amount of signal molecules

G protein coupled receptor protein

located on the surface of the cell, regulates bodily functions, termination through kinases

Second messenger

small molecules that relays cell signals from a cells surface to effector proteins in order to produce a reaction in the body

receptor protiens

transmit information in and out of cells. They allow communication between cells.

ligand

molecule that transmits signals between or within by binding to receptors, ligand specificity help respond to environmental change

polar and non polar ligands

polar ligands binds to the cell-surface receptors, non polar ligands bind to the intercellular receptors

kinase

an enzyme that phosphorylates different molecules

agonists

Antagonist

bind to the receptor but doesn't promote conformation

signaling cascade

chemical reactions which are triggered by a stimulus and produce a response from the body

ligand-gated ion channel

proteins change its shape in responds to bonding of ligands, allowing specific ions to pass through the cell membrane

mutations in genes

change in genes, changes the genes expression and the proteins that are made from RNA

cAMP

cyclic adenosine monophosphate, second messenger that carries signals for cell communication

negative feedback loop

goes against the stimulus until it stops ex:sweating

positive feedback loop

amplifies the stimulus until it stops ex: childbirth