RADPROD Prelims

Atoms

Building blocks of life.

Mass

The quantity of matter contained in any physical object.

Weight

The force exerted on a body under the influence of gravity.

Gravity

Mutual attraction; the magnetic force of a planet.

Matter

Anything that occupies space.

Potential Energy

The ability to do work by virtue of position.

Kinetic Energy

The energy of motion.

Chemical Energy

The energy released by a chemical reaction.

Electrical Energy

Represents the work that can be done when an electron moves through an electric potential difference.

Thermal Energy

The energy of motion at the molecular level.

Nuclear Energy

Is the energy that is contained within the nucleus of an atom.

Electromagnetic Energy

The type of energy that is used in x-ray imaging.

Radiation

Energy emitted and transferred through space.

Irradiation

Matter that intercepts radiation and absorbs part or all of it.

Ionizing Radiation

Any type of radiation that is capable of removing an orbital electron from the atom with which it interacts; a special type of radiation that includes x-rays.

Ion Pair

The orbital electron and the atom from which it was separated.

Two Sources of Ionizing Radiation

1. Natural Environmental Radiation

2. Man-made Radiation

4 Components of Natural Environmental Radiation

1. Cosmic Rays

2. Terrestrial Radiation

3. Internally Deposited Radionuclides

4. Radon

William Crookes

Inventor of Crookes tube.

November 8, 1895

When x-ray was discovered.

Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen

Discovered x-ray.

Wurzburg University, Germany

Where x-ray was discovered.

February 1896

When the first medical image was published and produced.

Anna Bertha Ludwig

The wife of Roentgen and the first person to be x-rayed.

Left Hand

The hand that was first x-rayed.

Computed Tomography

Uses rotating x-ray source and detector array.

Michael Pupin

Demonstrated intensifying screen.

Clarence Dally

First x-ray fatality.

Thomas A. Edison

Developed the fluoroscope.

William Rollins

Demonstrated the first application of collimation; uses diaphragm and filtration.

H.C. Snook

Introduced interupterless snook transformer.

William D. Coolidge

Introduced the Coolidge tube.

Gustave Bucky

Invented stationary grid.

Hollis Potter

Invented the moving grid.

Three General Types of X-ray Examination

1. Fluoroscopy

2. Radiography

3. Computed Tomography

Charles L. Leonard

Found that by exposing two glass x-ray plates with the emulsion surfaces together, exposure time was halved and the image was considerably enhanced.

Double Emulsion Film

Did not become commercially available until 1918.

Cellulose nitrate

The substitute for the original glass plate.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

MRI

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Became an accepted modality in the 1980s and currently digital radiography and digital fluoroscopy.

1. Time

2. Distance

3. Shielding

Three Cardinal Principles

Two Categories of Ionizing Radiation

1. Particulate Radiation

2. Electromagnetic Radiation

Types of Particulate Radiation

1. Alpha

2. Beta

Types of Electromagnetic Radiation

1. Ultraviolet

2. X-ray

3. Gamma

Diagnostic X-ray

Largest Manmade Radiation

Radon

A radioactive gas from the decay of uranium that emits alpha particles; also the largest source of environmental radiation.

Other Sources of Manmade Radiation

1. Nuclear Power Generation

2. Research Application

3. Industrial Sources

4. Consumer Items

3 mSv

Annual Dose of Environmental Radiation

3.1 mSv

Annual Dose of Manmade Radiation

Greek Atom

earth, water, air, and fire

Dalton Atom

eye-and-hook affair

Thomson atom

Plum pudding type of atom

Bohr atom

The atom model that looks like a solar system.

Dmitri Mendeleev

Arranged elements in order of increasing atomic mass.

J.J. Thomson

Concluded that electrons were an integral part of all atoms.

Ernest Rutherford

Disproved Thomson’s model of the atom in 1911 and introduced the nuclear model.

Nucleus

Center of the atom.

Niels Bohr

Improved Rutherford’s description of the atom.

Quantum Chromodynamics

QCD

Fundamental Particles of the Atom

• Electron

• Proton

• Neutron

Electron

One unit of negative electric charge.

9.1×10^-31 kg

Mass of an Electron

Proton

Positive electric charge.

1.673×10^-27

Mass of a Proton

Neutron

No electric charge.

Centripetal force

Keeps an electron in orbit.

Centrifugal force

maintains electron’s distance from the nucleus.

Z

Atomic Number

A

Atomic Mass Number

Isotopes

Atoms that have the same atomic number but different atomic mass numbers.

Isobar

Atomic nuclei that have the same atomic mass number but different atomic numbers.

Isotone

Atoms that have the same number of neutrons but different number of protons.

Isomer

Have the same atomic number and the same atomic mass number.

Radioactivity

Emission of particles and energy in order to become stable.

2 Sources of Naturally Occurring Radioisotopes

1. Originated at the time of the Earth’s formation and are still decaying very slowly.

2. Continuously produced in the upper atmosphere through cosmic radiation.

Two Types of Decay

1. Alpha Emission

2. Beta Emission

Beta Emission

An electron created and ejected from the nucleus.

Alpha Emission

Much more violent process that releases alpha particles.