Studied by 36 peoplegolgi apparatus
a system of folded membranes that produce vesicles to package and transport proteins (made by ER) throughout the cell
lysosomes
membrane bound vesicles containing digestive enzymes which destroys unwanted materials in the cell (lysozymes)
ribosomes
carries out protein synthesis (found in cytoplasm and on RER)
DNA usually exists as
chromatin
Nucleolus
dark areas inside the nucleus; rRNA synthesis
structure of the nucleus
largest organelle, contains DNA within a double membrane, has nuclear pores to allow passage of RNA molecules
function of nucleus
contains DNA and controls cell division and function
structure of mitochondrion
consists of a double membrane, inner membrane produces structures called cristae
function of mitochondrion
produces ATP (source of energy for cellular activities)
structure of rough endoplasmic reticulum (R.E.M.)
thin channels of folded (phospholipid) membranes covered in ribosomes
structure of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SEM)
similar to R.E.M. but has no ribosomes on its membranes (smooth tubular appearance)
function of rough endoplasmic reticulum
synthesises and transports proteins around the cell
function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Synthesises lipids
centriole
aids in cell division
microfilaments
aid in the movement of cells
7 structures found in both animal and plant cells
nucleus, EM, ribosomes, golgi, lysosomes, cell membrane, mitochondrion
3 structures only found in plant cells
vacuole, chloroplasts and cell wall
2 structures only found in animal cells
centriole and microfilaments
structure inside a chloroplast
has a double membrane, contains many stacks (grana) of thylakoids containing chlorophyll, surrounded by enzymes (stroma)
thylakoid membrane
disc shaped structures containing chlorophyll
grana (granum)
stacks of thylakoids
stroma
fluid inside the chloroplast containing enzymes (help catalyse reactions to make glucose)
function of cell walls
gives plant cells strength and prevents bursting
structure of cell surface membranes
made of phospholipids (bilayer) and proteins (arranged like fluid mosaic model)
function of cell surface membranes
controls the passage of molecules in and out of the cell
resolution
the ability to separate out close together objects (and see them as separate objects)
magnification
how many times an object is enlarged
how do you use a transmission electron microscope (TEM?) step 1
samples are preserved and stained
how do you use a transmission electron microscope (TEM?) step 2
it's then cut into very thin sample (so electrons can pass through)
how do you use a transmission electron microscope (TEM?) step 3
it's placed inside a vacuum chamber and magnetic lenses focus a beam of electrons though the sample
What type of image is produced from a TEM?
the image produced is black and white
how do you use a scanning electron microscope?
beams of electrons are bounced off the surface of samples to form very clear 3D images
how do you use an optical microscope?
light is focused through a condenser and specimen into multiple lenses to give an image magnified several hundred times
magnification equation
image size/actual size
1mm (=)
1000 micrometers
1 micrometer (=)
1000 nanometers
1 mm (= nanometers)
1 million manometers
Note 
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