Cells- A-Level Biology

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golgi apparatus

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a system of folded membranes that produce vesicles to package and transport proteins (made by ER) throughout the cell

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lysosomes

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membrane bound vesicles containing digestive enzymes which destroys unwanted materials in the cell (lysozymes)

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Biology

11th

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37 Terms

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golgi apparatus

a system of folded membranes that produce vesicles to package and transport proteins (made by ER) throughout the cell

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lysosomes

membrane bound vesicles containing digestive enzymes which destroys unwanted materials in the cell (lysozymes)

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ribosomes

carries out protein synthesis (found in cytoplasm and on RER)

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DNA usually exists as

chromatin

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Nucleolus

dark areas inside the nucleus; rRNA synthesis

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structure of the nucleus

largest organelle, contains DNA within a double membrane, has nuclear pores to allow passage of RNA molecules

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function of nucleus

contains DNA and controls cell division and function

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structure of mitochondrion

consists of a double membrane, inner membrane produces structures called cristae

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function of mitochondrion

produces ATP (source of energy for cellular activities)

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structure of rough endoplasmic reticulum (R.E.M.)

thin channels of folded (phospholipid) membranes covered in ribosomes

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structure of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SEM)

similar to R.E.M. but has no ribosomes on its membranes (smooth tubular appearance)

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function of rough endoplasmic reticulum

synthesises and transports proteins around the cell

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function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Synthesises lipids

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centriole

aids in cell division

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microfilaments

aid in the movement of cells

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7 structures found in both animal and plant cells

nucleus, EM, ribosomes, golgi, lysosomes, cell membrane, mitochondrion

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3 structures only found in plant cells

vacuole, chloroplasts and cell wall

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2 structures only found in animal cells

centriole and microfilaments

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structure inside a chloroplast

has a double membrane, contains many stacks (grana) of thylakoids containing chlorophyll, surrounded by enzymes (stroma)

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thylakoid membrane

disc shaped structures containing chlorophyll

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grana (granum)

stacks of thylakoids

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stroma

fluid inside the chloroplast containing enzymes (help catalyse reactions to make glucose)

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function of cell walls

gives plant cells strength and prevents bursting

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structure of cell surface membranes

made of phospholipids (bilayer) and proteins (arranged like fluid mosaic model)

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function of cell surface membranes

controls the passage of molecules in and out of the cell

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resolution

the ability to separate out close together objects (and see them as separate objects)

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magnification

how many times an object is enlarged

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how do you use a transmission electron microscope (TEM?) step 1

samples are preserved and stained

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how do you use a transmission electron microscope (TEM?) step 2

it's then cut into very thin sample (so electrons can pass through)

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how do you use a transmission electron microscope (TEM?) step 3

it's placed inside a vacuum chamber and magnetic lenses focus a beam of electrons though the sample

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What type of image is produced from a TEM?

the image produced is black and white

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how do you use a scanning electron microscope?

beams of electrons are bounced off the surface of samples to form very clear 3D images

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how do you use an optical microscope?

light is focused through a condenser and specimen into multiple lenses to give an image magnified several hundred times

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magnification equation

image size/actual size

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1mm (=)

1000 micrometers

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1 micrometer (=)

1000 nanometers

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1 mm (= nanometers)

1 million manometers