Cells- A-Level Biology

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look in a textbook for pictures cause i don't have them

Biology

11th

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37 Terms

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golgi apparatus
a system of folded membranes that produce vesicles to package and transport proteins (made by ER) throughout the cell
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lysosomes
membrane bound vesicles containing digestive enzymes which destroys unwanted materials in the cell (lysozymes)
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ribosomes
carries out protein synthesis (found in cytoplasm and on RER)
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DNA usually exists as
chromatin
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Nucleolus
dark areas inside the nucleus; rRNA synthesis
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structure of the nucleus
largest organelle, contains DNA within a double membrane, has nuclear pores to allow passage of RNA molecules
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function of nucleus
contains DNA and controls cell division and function
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structure of mitochondrion
consists of a double membrane, inner membrane produces structures called cristae
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function of mitochondrion
produces ATP (source of energy for cellular activities)
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structure of rough endoplasmic reticulum (R.E.M.)
thin channels of folded (phospholipid) membranes covered in ribosomes
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structure of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SEM)
similar to R.E.M. but has no ribosomes on its membranes (smooth tubular appearance)
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function of rough endoplasmic reticulum
synthesises and transports proteins around the cell
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function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Synthesises lipids
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centriole
aids in cell division
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microfilaments
aid in the movement of cells
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7 structures found in both animal and plant cells
nucleus, EM, ribosomes, golgi, lysosomes, cell membrane, mitochondrion
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3 structures only found in plant cells
vacuole, chloroplasts and cell wall
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2 structures only found in animal cells
centriole and microfilaments
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structure inside a chloroplast
has a double membrane, contains many stacks (grana) of thylakoids containing chlorophyll, surrounded by enzymes (stroma)
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thylakoid membrane
disc shaped structures containing chlorophyll
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grana (granum)
stacks of thylakoids
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stroma
fluid inside the chloroplast containing enzymes (help catalyse reactions to make glucose)
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function of cell walls
gives plant cells strength and prevents bursting
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structure of cell surface membranes
made of phospholipids (bilayer) and proteins (arranged like fluid mosaic model)
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function of cell surface membranes
controls the passage of molecules in and out of the cell
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resolution
the ability to separate out close together objects (and see them as separate objects)
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magnification
how many times an object is enlarged
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how do you use a transmission electron microscope (TEM?) step 1
samples are preserved and stained
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how do you use a transmission electron microscope (TEM?) step 2
it's then cut into very thin sample (so electrons can pass through)
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how do you use a transmission electron microscope (TEM?) step 3
it's placed inside a vacuum chamber and magnetic lenses focus a beam of electrons though the sample
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What type of image is produced from a TEM?
the image produced is black and white
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how do you use a scanning electron microscope?
beams of electrons are bounced off the surface of samples to form very clear 3D images
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how do you use an optical microscope?
light is focused through a condenser and specimen into multiple lenses to give an image magnified several hundred times
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magnification equation
image size/actual size
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1mm (\=)
1000 micrometers
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1 micrometer (\=)
1000 nanometers
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1 mm (\= nanometers)
1 million manometers