Animal Reproduction

asexual reproduction

without sex

sexual reproduction

fusion of gametes

asexual reproduction

is the creation of new individuals

whose genes all come from one parent without the fusion

of egg and sperm.

sexual reproduction

is the creation of offspring by the

fusion of haploid gametes to form a zygote (fertilized egg),

which is diploid

female gamete

the unfertilized egg

(also called an ovum), is a relatively large

cell and not motile

male gamete

the sperm, is generally

a much smaller, motile cell.

Fission, Budding, Fragmentation and Regeneration

What are the types of asexual reproduction

Fission

the separation of parents into two or more individuals of approximately equal size

Budding

In which the individuals arise from the outgrowths of existing ones; the offspring may either

fragmentation

The breaking of the body into several pieces, some or all of it developed into complete adults

Regeneration

the regrowth of several body parts; usually accompanied with fragmentation

Sea anemone

Example of fission

Cnidarians and tunicates

Example of Budding

Flatwoms

Example of fragmentation

Sea Stars

Example of Regeneration

Internal and External Fertilization

In mechanisms of Sexual Reproduction what are the two types of fertilization?

Internal Fertilization

The male directly delivers sperm cell directly to the females body. Her mosut provide watery medium required for movement of sperm

External Fertilization

Mating partners usually release eggs and sperm into the water simultaneously

testis, Sperm duct, penis

three key parts of male reproductive system

ovary, oviduct, vagina

three key parts of female reproductive system

metagenesis

it is also known as transformation development

metagenesis

It refers to alteration of sexual and asexual organ

Parthenogenesis

also known as virgin development

Parthenogenisis

is a form of reproduction in

which an unfertilized egg develops into an adult animal. This occurs

for several generations, after which males develop, produce sperm,

and mate with females to fertilize their eggs. In some species,

parthenogenesis is advantageous in maintaining social order; in

others, it appears to be an adaptation for survival in times of

stressor when there is a serious decrease in population.

Hermaphroditism

means that a single organism produces both eggs and sperm.

Although this form of reproduction is still classified as sexual,

(since both eggs and sperms are involved), it is an exception to the

important generalization that sexual reproduction involves two

different individuals.

ovaries

Produce both the egg cell and the sex

hormones. Enclosed in a tough protective capsule

and contains many follicles. Egg cell is expelled from

the follicle in the process of ovulation.

ovulation

egg cell is expelled from the follicle in a process of

Ovary, oviduct

The egg grows inside the follicle in ____, when ovulation happens it is expelled from the follicle and released to_____

Fallopian tube

Oviduct is also known as

uterus

is a thick, muscular organ

that can expand during pregnancy to accommodate a

4-kg fetus

uterus

also known as womb

endometrium

the inner lining of uterus, that us richly supplied with blood vessels

cervix

it is the neck of the uterus which opens into the vagina

vagina

a thin-walled chamber that is the

repository for sperm during copulation and that

serves as the birth canal through which a baby is

born

Vulva

is a collective term for the external female

genitalia

vulva

everything you can see outside the vagina

Vestibule, labia minora, labia majora,

clitoris, and Bartholin’s glands

vulva includes:

Mammary Glands

present in both sexes but

normally function only in women

Mammary Glands

milk producing glands in breasts

Mammargy glands

They are not part of

the reproductive system but are important to

mammalian reproduction. Within the glands, small

sacs of epithelial tissue secrete milk which drains into

a series of ducts opening at the nipple.

testis

consist of many higly coiled tube(seminiferous tubules) surrounded by several layers of connective tissue

Seminiferous tubules

it is where the sperm form

leydig cells

are scattered

between the seminiferous tubules produce testosterone and other

androgens

2-5ml, 50-130 million

males usually ejaculates ___ml and each milliliter may contain_____ sperm

Prostaglandins

in the semen cause thinning of the mucus at the

opening of the uterus and stimulate contractions of the uterine

muscles, which help semen move up to the uterus.

Scrotum

Sac, holds testes, regulates temperature

Urinary bladder

stores urine from the kidneys before it is expelled

testosterone

male hormone

estrogen

female hormone

duct

it carries sperm to where it is produced to where it leaves the body

ovary, oviducr, uterus, vagina

egg process:

ovary

tinay sac, creates egg, it releases egg during ovulation

oviducr

carried egg from ovary to uterus

uterus

organ wherein a baby can grown

cervix

lower part of the uterus

ovary, oviduct, uterus, oviduct, uterus, vagina

blank makes eggs;produces hormone→Fimbrae catch the egg→ egg enters the blank, where it carries egg from ovary to blank; blank is where fertilization usually happens→blank holds the fertilize egg and grows the baby; sheds lining if no pregnancy→blank exit for the baby;menstrual blood and entry for sperm

vagina

exit and entrance, for both the baby and sperm, birth canal

seminal vesicle

Located behind the bladder

Joins the vas deferens to form the ejaculatory duct

-Secrete a fructose-rich fluid that provides the primary energy source for sperm.

Produce prostaglandins that stimulate smooth muscle contractions in the female reproductive tract.

Secrete clotting factors that help the semen clump after ejaculatio

“it adds nutrients and energy to the sperm”

prostate glands

Surrounds the urethra

Function:

Produces a milky, alkaline fluid

This fluid protects sperm from the acidity of the vagina, liquefy semen

Helps sperm survive longer

“protection and survival”

Bulbourethral Glands (Cowper’s glands)

Small and pea-shaped below the prostate

Function:

Release clear pre-ejaculate fluid

This cleans & lubricates the urethra before semen passes

Neutralizes any urine acids in the

urethra

testis, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicle, ejaculatory duct, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands, penis

blank produces sperm inside the semeniferous tubules;leydig cells make hormones; then sperm exit the tubules and enters the next duct→egg enter the blank to mature; gain mobility; sperm stored here until ejaculation→blank, a muscular tube that carries sperm from epididymis upward; passed behind the urinary bladder; During ejaculation, muscular contractions push sperm forward→blank, an accessory gland located near bladder; produces thick, fructose rich fluid that nourishes sperm→blank, formed when vas deferens joined the seminal vesicle; receuves sperm from vas deferens; Receive fluid from seminal vesicle;sperm+seminal fluid=semen; empties semen to blank during ejaculation→blank, a 2nd gland to add fluid, this protects sperm from the acidity of vagina, makes semen less sticky later→blank, 3rd gland to add fluid, cleans for urethra and lubricate sperm to pass→blank, tube that runs through the penis, carries semen during the ejaculation(and urine other times), muscle contractions push semen toward the tip of the blank→blank, urethra runs inside here, During sexual arousal: spongy erectile tissue filled with blood-erection, erection enables insertion inti vagina, ready for intercourse, During ejaculation: Muscle contracts, pushe semen through urethra, semen exits the urethral opening at the tip

erection

the penis becomes hard, enlarged and upright

copulate

blank means to have sexual intercourse

inseminate

it means, Deposit sperm in vagina

copulatory organ

blank is an organ(penis) used to delivers sperm, the thing that goes inside the vagina

Duct

are like highways/roads that carry sperm from place to place

duct

carries sperm to where it is made to where it leaves the body

epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct

3 types of duct: