Chapter 28 important people

John Locke (1632–1704)

• Wrote Second Treatise of Civil Government

• Argued government derives power from consent of the governed

• Inspired American & French revolutions

Adam Smith (1723–1790)

• Father of capitalism

• Argued supply & demand regulates markets (Wealth of Nations)

Montesquieu (1689–1755)

• Studied political systems

• Promoted separation of powers to prevent tyranny

Voltaire (1694–1778)

• Criticized Catholic Church (“erase the infamy”)

• Championed freedom of speech, religion

Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778)

• Wrote The Social Contract

• Argued sovereignty comes from the people

• Promoted political equality

Mary Astell (1666–1731)

• Criticized gender inequality

• Argued women were born into “slavery”

Mary Wollstonecraft (1759–1797)

• Wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Woman

• First major feminist philosopher

George Washington (1732–1799)

• Led Continental Army

• Provided strong, strategic leadership

King Louis XVI (1754–1793)

• Weak king who failed to fix financial crisis

• Executed for treason during revolution

Marie Antoinette (1755–1793)

• Queen of France, unpopular

• Executed with Louis XVI

Olympe de Gouges (1748–1793)

• Wrote Declaration of the Rights of Woman (1791)

• Executed for criticizing revolutionary leaders

Maximilien Robespierre (1758–1794)

• Leader of the Committee of Public Safety

• Head figure of Reign of Terror

• Executed when he lost support

Boukman (d. 1791)

• Voodoo priest who helped start Haitian slave revolt

Napoleon Bonaparte (1769–1821)

• General who staged coup of 1799

• Became emperor

• Created Napoleonic Code

• Built vast European empire

• Defeated at Waterloo

Toussaint Louverture (1744–1803)

• Former slave, brilliant military leader

• Created constitution for Haiti

• Captured by French, died in prison

Miguel Hidalgo (1753–1811)

• Mexican priest who led first major revolt

• Encouraged Mexicans to fight Spanish rule

• Executed, became martyr

Agustín de Iturbide (1783–1824)

• Creole military officer

• Declared Mexican independence (1821)

• Briefly became emperor before being overthrown

Simón Bolívar (1783–1830)

• “The Liberator”

• Led independence movements in Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia

• Tried to form “Gran Colombia”

Pedro I of Brazil (1798–1834)

• Declared Brazil’s independence from Portugal (1822)

• Became emperor of Brazil

Edmund Burke (1729–1797)

• Founder of modern conservatism

• Opposed radical revolutionary change

John Stuart Mill (1806–1873)

• Major liberal thinker

• Supported individual freedoms, women’s rights

Olaudah Equiano (1745–1797)

• Former slave, wrote autobiography

• Influential abolitionist

William Wilberforce (1759–1833)

• British politician who helped end the slave trade (1807)

Susan B. Anthony (1820–1906)

• Leader in American women’s suffrage movement

Johann Gottfried von Herder (1744–1803)

• Promoted cultural nationalism / Volksgeist (“spirit of the people”)

Giuseppe Mazzini (1805–1872)

• Italian nationalist

• Founded “Young Italy” movement

Theodor Herzl (1860–1904)

• Founder of modern Zionism

• Wanted a Jewish homeland in Palestine

Camillo di Cavour (1810–1861)

• Architect of Italian unification

• Prime minister of Piedmont-Sardinia

Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807–1882)

• Led nationalist army (“Red Shirts”)

• United southern Italy with northern states

Otto von Bismarck (1815–1898)

• Prime minister of Prussia

• Unified Germany using “Blood & Iron” (Realpolitik)