ATDH Biology

What is the powerhouse of the cell?

Mitochondrion

Which organelle produces ATP?

Mitochondrion

Which organelle is responsible for protein synthesis?

Ribosome

Which organelle modifies and packages proteins?

Golgi apparatus

Which organelle contains digestive enzymes?

Lysosome

Which organelle stores water in plant cells?

Central vacuole

Which organelle performs photosynthesis?

Chloroplast

What surrounds all cells?

Cell membrane

What controls what enters and leaves the cell?

Cell membrane

What is the jelly-like substance inside cells?

Cytoplasm

Where is DNA stored in eukaryotic cells?

Nucleus

What is the function of mitochondria?

ATP production through cellular respiration

What is the function of ribosomes?

Protein synthesis

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

Modify, package, and transport proteins

What is the function of the rough ER?

Protein processing and transport

What is the function of the smooth ER?

Lipid synthesis and detoxification

Which cells lack a nucleus?

Prokaryotic cells

Which organisms are prokaryotes?

Bacteria and Archaea

Which cells contain membrane-bound organelles?

Eukaryotic cells

Plants have a cell wall made of what?

Cellulose

What moves from high concentration to low concentration?

Diffusion

What is the diffusion of water called?

Osmosis

Which transport requires ATP?

Active transport

Which transport does not require ATP?

Passive transport

Which solution causes cells to shrink?

Hypertonic

Which solution causes cells to swell?

Hypotonic

What happens in an isotonic solution?

No net movement of water

What is the basic unit of life?

Cell

Which macromolecule provides immediate energy?

Carbohydrates

Which macromolecule stores long-term energy?

Lipids

Which macromolecule is made of amino acids?

Proteins

Which macromolecule stores genetic information?

Nucleic acids

What are the monomers of proteins?

Amino acids

What are the monomers of carbohydrates?

Monosaccharides

What are the monomers of nucleic acids?

Nucleotides

What are enzymes?

Biological catalysts

What do enzymes lower?

Activation energy

Are enzymes consumed during reactions?

No

What can denature an enzyme?

Extreme temperature or pH

What is the reactant an enzyme acts on?

Substrate

Where does the substrate bind?

Active site

What is the equation for photosynthesis?

Carbon dioxide + water + light → glucose + oxygen

What is the equation for cellular respiration?

Glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + ATP

Where does cellular respiration occur?

Mitochondria

Where does photosynthesis occur?

Chloroplasts

What gas is used during photosynthesis?

Carbon dioxide

What gas is released during photosynthesis?

Oxygen

What gas is required for aerobic respiration?

Oxygen

What molecule is the main energy currency of the cell?

ATP

DNA stands for what?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

RNA stands for what?

Ribonucleic acid

Which sugar is found in DNA?

Deoxyribose

Which sugar is found in RNA?

Ribose

Which nitrogen base is found only in DNA?

Thymine

Which nitrogen base replaces thymine in RNA?

Uracil

Which bases pair together in DNA?

A with T and C with G

What is transcription?

DNA to mRNA

What is translation?

mRNA to protein

Where does transcription occur?

Nucleus

Where does translation occur?

Ribosome

What carries amino acids to the ribosome?

tRNA

Which RNA carries genetic instructions?

mRNA

What is a gene?

A segment of DNA that codes for a protein

What is mitosis used for?

Growth and repair

How many daughter cells result from mitosis?

2

Are mitotic daughter cells genetically identical?

Yes

What is meiosis used for?

Gamete production

How many daughter cells result from meiosis?

4

Are meiotic daughter cells genetically identical?

No

How many chromosomes are in human body cells?

46

How many chromosomes are in human gametes?

23

What does haploid mean?

One set of chromosomes

What does diploid mean?

Two sets of chromosomes

What is fertilization?

Fusion of sperm and egg

What is a dominant allele?

Expressed when present

What is a recessive allele?

Expressed only with two copies

What is genotype?

Genetic makeup

What is phenotype?

Observable trait

Aa is what type of genotype?

Heterozygous

AA is what type of genotype?

Homozygous dominant

aa is what type of genotype?

Homozygous recessive

What is the probability of aa from Aa × Aa?

25%

What process creates genetic variation?

Meiosis

Who proposed natural selection?

Charles Darwin

What is natural selection?

Individuals with favorable inherited traits reproduce more successfully

What is an adaptation?

A trait that improves survival or reproduction

What is evolution?

Change in populations over generations

What is the smallest level of ecological organization?

Organism

What comes after organism?

Population

What comes after population?

Community

What comes after community?

Ecosystem

What comes after ecosystem?

Biome

What is a producer?

An organism that makes its own food

What is the primary source of energy for most ecosystems?

The Sun

What is a primary consumer?

Herbivore

What is a secondary consumer?

Consumes herbivores

What do decomposers do?

Break down dead organisms and recycle nutrients

Which kingdom contains bacteria?

Bacteria

Which kingdom includes mushrooms?

Fungi

Which kingdom includes humans?

Animalia