Race & Medical Experimentation in North America

What are the two origins of humans discussed in relation to early ideas on race?

Monogenesis and Polygenesis. Monogenesis posits that all humans share a single origin, while Polygenesis argues that different races originated independently.

Who is Johann Blumenbach and what did he contribute to the study of race?

A German anthropologist who divided humans into five races and developed the degeneration theory. He is known for his classification of human races based on skull shape.

What does Monogenesis advocate?

The Unity of Mankind, suggesting all humans were created by God but perceived non-whites as inferior. Human equality did not apply to all

What is the main belief of Polygenesis regarding race?

It denies a common origin between Europeans and non-Europeans, asserting the innate inferiority of non-whites. Dehumanized non-whites

What disciplines popularized Scientific Racism?

Anthropology, Craniometry, and Anthropometry.

What concept did Social Darwinism promote?

Survival of the strongest or fittest. He believed in the superior qualities of the ‘white race’

Who is associated with the promotion of Social Darwinism?

Herbert Spencer.

What was the purpose behind Mustard Gas Experiments during WWII?

To fear chemical warfare, develop protective measures for troops, and strategize against enemies.

How were the Mustard Gas Experiments justified in terms of race?

They were conducted based on beliefs about racial differences, with specific races subjected to different experimental purposes.

What was the conclusion regarding the response to mustard gas in relation to race?

Response was based on individual differences rather than skin color, leading to inconclusive results.

What is a Eurocentric view on civilization?

A perspective that prioritizes European culture and history as the central or superior model of civilization.

How did social Darwinism Work hand in hand with imperialism

and justify racism?

Social Darwinism applied the concept of "survival of the fittest" to human societies, suggesting that certain races were inherently superior. This ideology was used to justify imperialism and the subjugation of so-called "weaker" races, reinforcing racist attitudes and social hierarchies.

Which racial groups were used in U.S. mustard gas experiments?

White Americans, African Americans, Japanese Americans, and Puerto Rican Americans.

Were participants able to give informed consent?

No, participants were often not informed about the true nature or risks of the experiments, leading to ethical violations.

What type of experiments involved African American and Puerto Rican soldiers? Why were African American and Puerto Rican soldiers used?

They were believed to have “thicker skin” and be more resistant, especially in tropical or front-line conditions.These experiments involved exposure to chemical agents, including mustard gas, which were intended to test the effects of such substances on humans.

What incentives were used to encourage participation? Did they receive these?

Participants were offered financial compensation, medical treatment, or promises of better living conditions. However, many did not receive these incentives or were misled about the benefits.