Osmosis Anatomy of Cerebral Cortex

Osmosis

Parts of the brain

Cerebrum

Diencephalon

Cerebellum

Brainstem

Parts of cerebrum

2 cerebral hemispheres

Basal ganglia (nuclei)

Each cerebral hemisphere is divided in ___ main lobes and the _____ cortex

4

frontal

parietal

temporal

occipital

insular lobe (cortex)

The cerebral cortex is composed of ___ matter

gray containing billions of nuclei (neuronal cell bodies)

Allows for information processing and communication

Neuron

Subcortical cerebrum is _____ matter

white

Gray matter is composed of ____

nuclei neuronal cell bodies

White matter is composed of

myelinated axons

The largest white matter tract is the _______ ______

Corpus callosum

Sends signals between two cerebral hemispheres

corpus callosum

Within white matter there are collection of gray matter masses called _______ ______

basal ganglia/nuclei

Caudate

Putamen

External globus pallidus

Internal globus pallidus

Subthalamic nucleus

Substantia nigra

Basal ganglia

Striatum is the _____ and _____

caudate and putamen

Lentiform nuclei is the _____ and _______

putamen and globus pallidus

Corpus striatum is the _____, _____, and _____ _______

caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus

Collection of densely packed white matter which divides the corpus striatum

Is a highway for information between the cerebral cortex and brainstem and spinal cord

Internal capsule

Generally, the right cerebral hemisphere sends and receives signals from the ____ side of the body

Left

Generally, the left cerebral hemisphere sends and receives signals from the ____ side of the body

right

Folds of the external surface

Gyri

Grooves of the external surface

Sulci

Cleft of the external surface (deeper grooves)

Fissures

One function of these gyri and sulci is to allow the nearly ___ square feet of the cerebral cortex to fold in on itself, allowing it to fit within the small space of the neurocranium

2.5

Cortical folding effectively increases the _____ _____, allowing more nuclei to be packed into the cortex.

Surface area

The deep fissures also help to separate the brain into ____

lobes

gyri, sulci, and fissures actually create a relatively ______ pattern from person to person.

constant

This means that the neurons within a particular ________ area are all arranged in the same manner and partake in a similar function

Brodmann’s

Approximately ___ Brodmann’s areas have been identified in the human brain

180

The cerebrum has a deep midline sagittal fissure called the ________ fissure, which divides the brain into left and right cerebral hemispheres.

longitudinal

Around the middle of the longitudinal fissure and moving laterally, is the coronal _____ sulcus, also known as the fissure of _____ , which separates the frontal lobe rostrally, or anteriorly, from the parietal lobe caudally, or posteriorly.

central

Rolando

The coronal central sulcus aka fissure of Rolando separates the _____ lobe rostrally from the _____ lobe caudally

frontal

parietal

The rostral most point of the frontal lobe is called the frontal ____ .

Pole

From this lateral view, beneath the frontal and parietal lobes is the _____ fissure, also known as the lateral sulcus or Sylvian fissure.

Lateral

The lateral fissure aka lateral sulcus aka sylvian fissure separates the ____ and ____ lobes from the _____ lobe

frontal and parietal

temporal

The lateral fissure extends in three directions, rostrally as the ____ ramus, superiorly as the ______ ramus, and caudally as the ______ ramus.

anterior

ascending

posterior

The most rostral point of the temporal lobe is called the temporal _____

pole

The ______ lies at the bottom of the lateral fissure, hidden from the external surface of the brain

Insula/ insular cortex

The insula has the _____ sulcus of the insula running through it, forming both ____ gyri rostral to the sulcus, and ____ gyri caudal to the sulcus.

central

short

long

Looking at the brain from a posterior view, around the posterior middle portion of the cerebral hemisphere, there is a fissure called the ________ fissure, which travels inferiorly and anteriorly.

Parieto-occipital

The parieto-occipital fissure separates the _____ lobe rostrally, from the ______ lobe caudally, and from a medial view of the hemisphere the parieto-occipital sulcus is joined halfway by the _____ sulcus.

parietal

occipital

calcarine

The most caudal point of the occipital lobe is called the occipital _____

Pole

Histologically similar areas

Brodmann areas

In the frontal lobe, the _____ sulcus is rostral and parallel to central sulcus

precentral sulcus

Central sulcus and precentral sulcus of frontal lobe borders the precentral _____

gyrus

Superior and inferior frontal sulcus divided the rest of the frontal lobe into 3 gyri ____, ______, _____

Superior

Middle

Inferior

The inferior frontal gyrus is divided into 3 parts by the branching rami of the lateral fissure

inferior to anterior ramus:

between anterior and ascending ramus:

Posteriorly between ascending and precentral sulcus:

Pars orbitalis

Pars triangularis

Pars opercularis

Looking at the frontal lobe from a medial view there is another sulcus the _____ sulcus and an anterior _______ lobule, which forms the medial aspect of the ___central gyrus, and the posterior ______ lobule, which forms the medial aspect of the ____central gyrus

cingulate

paracentral; pre

paracentral; post

The _____ lobe contains the primary motor cortex, Brodmann’s area 4

frontal

occupies the area of the precentral gyrus and extends over to the medial aspect of the hemisphere as the anterior paracentral lobule.

The primary ______ cortex houses neurons responsible for carrying out voluntary movements of different parts of our body, mainly to the contralateral, or opposite, side

motor

frontal lobe

Extending anteriorly from the primary motor cortex, and over the posterior parts of the superior, medial and inferior frontal gyri is the _______ cortex, or Brodmann’s area 6.

promotor

This ______ cortex receives input from other parts of the cerebral cortex, the thalamus, the basal ganglia, and directly communicates with the primary motor cortex.

premotor

frontal lobe

Assist the primary motor cortex plan and carry out voluntary movements and therefore it is called an association cortex

premotor cortex

frontal lobe

Stores and processes information about past activity, and helps to integrate sensory and motor information for planning of future voluntary movements.

premotor cortex

frontal lobe

Rostral to the premotor cortex and extending into the middle frontal gyrus is the frontal ____ field, Brodmann’s area 8, which controls voluntary eye movement, and allows us to move our eyes together in the same direction at the same time, known as conjugate gaze.

eye

frontal lobe

Controls voluntary eye movement, and allows us to move our eyes together in the same direction at the same time, known as conjugate gaze.

frontal eye field, Brodmann’s area 8

Frontal lobe

______ area and Brodmann’s area 44/45, which is formed by two regions of the inferior frontal gyrus, namely the pars opercularis and the pars triangularis.

Broca’s

frontal lobe

Usually located in the dominant hemisphere, which in most individuals is the left hemisphere. This area has connections to the nearby motor cortex, specifically to the areas that control the muscles of the larynx, mouth, soft palate, and the tongue, as well as respiratory muscles, to assist in the formation, or production, of words and speech.

Broca’s area

frontal lobe

Located anterior to the premotor cortex and overlies the anterior portions of the superior, middle, and inferior frontal gyri.

prefrontal cortex

Responsible for mainly what has been coined as executive functions, which include reasoning, planning, social behavior, judgement, and much more.

Prefrontal cortex

frontal lobe

Responsible for controlling voluntary movements of our body

Primary motor cortex

Frontal lobe

This unique and elegant arrangement of body parts in the cortex is called _____ .

Somatotopy

Now, the proportion of the primary motor cortex, or the _____ of neurons dedicated to a particular movement depends upon how much that muscle, or group of muscles, is actually used

number

The more a muscle is used, the more nuclei will be dedicated to it within the _____ _____ cortex.

primary motor

frontal lobe

The number of nuclei is ________ upon the size or mass of the muscle performing that movement.

independent

Primary motor cortex map creates an awkwardly large representation of the hands, fingers and face. This means that _____ cortex, and hence ____ neurons, are dedicated to those regions, since we use them more often in our daily lives to explore our world.

more

frontal lobe

In the primary cortex map the location of body parts is essentially ______

inverted

Formation of words and speech

Broca’s area

Frontal lobe

In the parietal lobe just caudal to the central sulcus running parallel to it is the ______ sulcus.

postcentral

the central sulcus and the postcentral sulcus form the borders of the postcentral _____

gyrus

(parietal lobe)

Running caudally from the middle of the postcentral sulcus, or near it, is the _____ sulcus, which divides the rest of the parietal lobe into the ____ parietal lobule above it, and the ______parietal lobule below it.

intraparietal

superior and inferior

part of the inferior parietal lobule that folds over the end of the posterior ramus and is called the _________ gyrus, and behind it is the _____ gyrus that folds over the end of the superior temporal sulcus found in the temporal lobe.

supramarginal

angular

Primary somatosensory cortex, Brodmann’s area 3,1,2, which is located in the postcentral gyrus and extends medially to the posterior paracentral lobule.

Parietal lobe

Receives sensory input from the opposite side of the body through the ventral posteromedial, or VPM, and ventral posterolateral, or VPL, nuclei of the thalamus, enabling us to process and interpret sensory information from our body like touch or pain.

Primary somatosensory cortex

parietal lobe

The primary somatosensory cortex receives sensory input from the opposite side of the body through the ventral posteromedial, or VPM, and ventral posterolateral, or VPL, nuclei of the _____ , enabling us to process and interpret sensory information from our body like touch or pain

thalamus

Similar to the motor homunculus, we have a ______ homunculus to visually represent the proportion of sensory fibers that the primary somatosensory cortex receives from a particular part of the body.

sensory

(parietal lobe)

Motor homunculus ______ lobe

Sensory homunculus ______ lobe

frontal

parietal

The more ______ a body part is, the more neurons it requires for processing sensory stimuli, and therefore it occupies a larger area of the somatosensory cortex.

sensitive

parietal lobe

First body part represented in primary motor cortex are the ____
First body part represented in the primary somatosensory cortex is the _____

toes

anogenital area (followed by foot, leg, thigh)

Located over the superior parietal lobule is the somatosensory _______ cortex, which has many connections with other sensory regions of the cerebral cortex.

association

Believed to allow the ability to integrate different sensory modalities, such as being able to recognize objects through touch without visual input, like reading braille, by comparing and associating the sensations to past sensory experiences.

somatosensory association cortex

parietal lobe

The lateral surface of the temporal lobe includes the superior temporal sulcus and the middle temporal sulcus, which divide the temporal lobe into the _____ , _____, and ______ temporal gyri

superior, middle, inferior

______ temporal gyri of _____, which is found on the deep upper surface of the superior temporal gyrus

Transverse temporal gyri of heschl

Located in the transverse temporal gyri of Heschl is the primary ______ cortex, Brodmann’s area 41/42, which receives auditory input from the medial geniculate body of the thalamus and interprets auditory information, or sound, such as when the next door neighbours are being way too loud.

auditory

Receives auditory input from the medial geniculate body of the thalamus and interprets auditory information, or sound, such as when the next door neighbours are being way too loud.

Primary auditory cortex

temporal lobe

Brodmann’s area 22/39/40, which encompasses a part of the superior temporal gyrus along with the supramarginal and angular gyri of the parietal lobe.

Wernicke’s area (dominant hemisphere)

temporal lobe

Responsible for the processing and understanding of both written and spoken language, allowing us to read a sentence, understand it, and say it out loud comprehensively.

Wernicke’s area

temporal lobe

Wernicke’s area is connected to Broca’s area by a bundle of axons called the _____ _____ , which allows us to tie together speech comprehension from Wernicke’s area, and speech production from Broca’s area.

Arcuate fasciculus

The limbic system with structures related to learning, memory and emotion is located in the _____ aspect of the _____ lobe

Medial

temporal

The insula is usually divided into _____ and ______ aspects.

anterior and posterior

Functions are diverse and complex with convergence of inputs from temporal, parietal, and frontal lobes

Insula

Has been associated with processing viscero-autonomic sensations, limbic and emotional elements, somatosensation, and possibly motor elements too.

The insula

The _____ lobe contains the cuneus, a wedge-shaped area bounded by the parieto-occipital fissure rostrally, and by the calcarine sulcus inferiorly

occipital

A wedge-shaped area bounded by the parieto-occipital fissure rostrally, and by the calcarine sulcus inferiorly

cuneus of occipital lobe

Inferior to the cuneus and the calcarine sulcus is the ______ gyrus.

lingual

occipital lobe

Dedicated to vision and hence a substantial part is occupied by the primary visual cortex, Brodmann’s area 17.

Occipital lobe

Located on the medial aspect of the hemispheres, and lines both the superior and inferior banks of the calcarine sulcus. It also extends around the occipital pole onto the lateral surface of each hemisphere.

Primary visual cortex

occipital lobe

This area receives, processes, and interprets visual input from the lateral geniculate body of the thalamus.

Primary visual cortex

occipital lobe

Medial side of each hemisphere: There is a region of cortex surrounding the corpus callosum that is a part of the limbic system. This region contains the _____ gyrus, located below the rostral part of the corpus callosum; as well as the _____gyrus, which begins beneath the rostral end of the corpus callosum and continues superiorly and caudally until it reaches the posterior end of the corpus callosum.

subcallosal

cingulate

The _______ gyrus, which is part of the medial temporal lobe, lies rostral to the lingual gyrus of the occipital lobe and ends rostrally as the uncus, also a component of the limbic system.

parahipocampal

Subcallosal gyrus, cingulate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, and uncus, along with the olfactory cortex, the amygdala, the hypothalamus, and the hippocampus, constitute the major structures of the _____ system. They are responsible for functions related to the “preservation of the species”, such as fight or flight responses, emotion, memory, and reproductive, endocrine, and other behavioral responses.

limbic

They are responsible for functions related to the “preservation of the species”, such as fight or flight responses, emotion, memory, and reproductive, endocrine, and other behavioral responses.

Limbic system