Introduction to Ethics, Moral Dilemmas, and Filipino Values

A comprehensive set of practice flashcards covering Ethics, Moral Dilemmas, Kantian Philosophy, Taxation, Culture, and Filipino Values based on the lecture transcript.

What is the etymological origin of the word 'Ethics' and what does it mean?

Ethics comes from the Greek word 'ethos', which means tradition, habit, character, or attitude.

What is the primary difference between Normative Ethics and Meta-Ethics?

Normative Ethics studies what people ought to do (moral obligations), while Meta-Ethics studies the meaning and nature of morality (moral language and facts).

What are the six characteristics of moral standards?

1. Entail Serious Harm or Benefit; 2. Not Determined by Authority Figures; 3. More Important than Self-Interest; 4. Based on Objective Considerations; 5. Universal; 6. Associated with Feelings and Moral Language.

How are non-moral standards defined?

Rules that are not directly related to morality and may lack ethical significance, such as etiquette, laws, professional codes, or social customs.

According to Kvalnes (2019), when does a moral dilemma occur?

When a decision-maker must prioritize one moral principle over another or when important values conflict.

Define a 'self-inflicted dilemma'.

A moral dilemma caused by one's own previous mistake or actions, such as procrastinating and then feeling the temptation to cheat on an exam.

What are the three levels of moral dilemmas?

Individual Moral Dilemma, Organizational Ethical or Moral Dilemma, and Structural Moral Dilemma.

According to Immanuel Kant, what is 'Freedom'?

The ability to control one's actions through reason, not through desires or impulses.

In Kantian philosophy, what is the 'Categorical Imperative'?

A moral command that must be obeyed unconditionally, regardless of desires or consequences (e.g., 'One should not lie').

What is 'Universalizability' according to Kant?

The concept that an action is morally acceptable only if the rule behind it can become a universal law that everyone can follow without creating contradictions.

Distinguish between 'Perfect Duty' and 'Imperfect Duty' in Kantian ethics.

Perfect Duties must always be performed (e.g., do not lie), while Imperfect Duties encourage good actions but do not require constant performance (e.g., charity).

Which Philippine law is known as the 'Tax Reform Act of 1997' and which is the 'TRAIN Law'?

The Tax Reform Act of 1997 is Republic Act No. 8424, and the TRAIN Law is Republic Act No. 10963.

What is Value-Added Tax (VAT)?

An indirect tax imposed on the sale of goods, lease of properties, or services, which may be passed on to consumers.

What does the Latin word 'cultus' mean in the context of culture?

Giving respect to the sacredness of all.

What is the 'Bayanihan' spirit in Filipino culture?

A trait where people help one another without expecting anything in return.

What is 'Kanya-Kanya Syndrome' in the context of Filipino character weaknesses?

Self-centeredness and excessive competitiveness, often manifested as 'Crab mentality' (Hilahan System).

What is 'Cultural Relativism'?

The belief that different cultures have different moral codes and that there is no single universal standard of morality.

What is the consequence of 'Ethnocentrism'?

It is the belief that one's own culture is superior to others, which Cultural Relativism rejects.

List three consequences of accepting Cultural Relativism.

1. We cannot condemn other cultures; 2. Society alone determines right and wrong; 3. Moral progress becomes difficult to claim.

According to Shalom H. Schwartz, how many universal value types exist?

Ten (10): Power, Achievement, Hedonism, Stimulation, Self-Direction, Universalism, Benevolence, Tradition, Conformity, and Security.

In Filipino values, what is 'Utang na Loob'?

A debt of gratitude toward someone who has helped you, creating a sense of obligation to repay kindness.

Define 'Amor Propio'.

Protecting one's dignity, pride, and self-respect, closely related to the idea of 'saving face'.

What is 'Pakikipagkapwa-tao'?

Maintaining smooth interpersonal relationships by treating others with kindness, respect, empathy, and concern.

According to the Philippine Constitution (Article VI, Section 28), what must taxation be?

Taxation must be uniform and equitable.