Microbiology 2215 CSCC Exam 1

What is microbiology?

The study of living things to small to be seen without magnification

What are microorganisms (microbes)?

Organisms to small to be seen with the naked eye

What are the major groups of microorganisms?

1. Bacteria

2. Algae

3. Protozoa

4. Helminths

5. Fungi

6. Viruses

Prokaryotes with peptidoglycan in their cell walls and circular chromosomes are classified as ______.

Bacteria

Photosynthetic plant-like organisms are classified as ______.

Algae

Single-celled eukaryotic organisms are classified as ______.

Protozoa

Parasitic inverterbrates(worms) are classified as ______.

Helminthes

Non-cellular, parasitic, protein-coated genetic elements that can infect all living things including other microorganisms are classified as ______.

Viruses

What appeared first: prokaryotes or eukaryotes?

prokaryotes

What are the three domains of living things?

1. Bacteria

2. Archaea

3. Eukarya

Bacteria and archaea are both classified as what type of cell?

prokaryote

Which types of cells utilize binary fission to replicate?

Bacteria and archaea

What cell do we see prominent shapes such as rod-shaped, spherical and spiral?

Bacteria

What types of cell are the most common type in human infection?

Bacteria

What features distinguish archaea from baceria?

-Chemical composition of cell wall

-Archaea are usually found in extreme environments (extremophiles)

What are key features of eucarya?

-Membrane bound nucleus

-Organelles

-Single and/or multicellular

What is the cellular organization of Algae?

Single or multicellular

What is the cellular organization of Fungi?

Single or multicellular

What is the cellular organization of protozoa?

Single-celled

What is the source of energy for algae?

Sunlight

What is the source of energy for fungi?

Organic compounds

What is the source of energy for protozoa?

Organic compounds

What is the size of algae?

Microscopic or macroscopic

What is the size of fungi?

Microscopic or macroscopic

What is the size of protozoa?

Microscopic

What is the naming system utilized to name organisms?>

Binomial nomenclature

What is the first word used in binomial nomenclature?

Genus

What is the second word used to name with binomial nomenclature?

Species

What are the three non-living infectious agents of the microbial world?

1. Viruses

2. Viroids

3. Prions

Which two types of eukaryotes can also be classified as protist?

Archaea

Protozoa

Non-living objects could give rise to living organisms was the basis of what theory?

Spontaneous generation

What Scottish clergyman, in the 1740s, coined the term spontaneous generation and believe to be a "life force" in all non living matter?

John Needham

Whose experiment disproved the the theory of spontaneous genreation?

Louis Pasteur's swan neck bottle experiment

What were the golden years of microbiology?

1854-1914

During the golden years of microbiology what were several beneficial creations?

-pure culture techniques

-pasteurization process

-aseptic surgical techniques

-vaccines and immunization

-quality microscopes

The key development that lead to the study of microorganism

Development of the microscope

The father of microbiology, bacteriology and protozoology

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

The father of epidemiology who helped stop the spread of cholera

John Snow

Who showed evidence that some microbes have very high heat resistance and are difficult to destroy?

John Tyndall

Who introduced aseptic techniques (way to handle microbes preveneting infection to the handler and others)?

Joseph Lister

Who invented pasteurization?

Louis Pasteur

Who theorized the The Germ Theory of Disease?

Louis Pasteur

A series of experimental proofs that could establish whether an organism was pathogenic and which disease it caused

Koch's Postulates

What verified the germ theory of disease?

Koch's postulates

Who was the originator of Koch's postulates?

Robert Koch

What is the causative agent of the bubonic plague?

Yersinia pestis

How does the bubonic plagu

Bites from fleas, handling infected animals, and airborne

What is the causative agent of Cholera?

Vibrio cholerae

What is the causative agent of Tuberculosis?

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

What is the causative agent of Smallpox?

Variola virus

Which physician developed the practice now known as vaccination?

Edward Jenner

What is the causative agent of gastric ulcers?

Helicobacter pylori

What are three applications of microbiolgy>

-Food production (fermentation)

-Bioremediation (fixing oil spills)

-Sythesis of products (E coli used to create insulin)

What are some differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

Four structures that every single living cell must have

1. DNA

2. Ribosome

3. Cytoplasm

4. Cytoplasmic membrane

Thick layer of peptidoglycan that contains teichoic and lipoteichoice acids

Gram-positive

a thin layer of peptidoglycan surrounded by an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharides

Gram-negative

A type of dormant cell that is generally resistant to heat, dessication, UV light and chemicals

Endospore

What is involved in cell division and controls cell shape?

Cytoskeleton

Small, rigid structures that provide buoyancy to a cell

Gas vesicles

Accumulations of high molecular weight polymers, synthesized from a nutrient available in relative excess

Granules

Involved in protein synthesis, 70s in prokaryotes and 80s in eukaryotes

Ribosomes

Phospholipid bilayer embeded with proteins that surround the cytoplasm that acts as a discriminating conduits between the cell and its surroundings

Cytoplasmic membrane

What are some optional internal structures of bacteria that can give them a selective advantage?>

-Plasmid

-Storage granules

-endospores

extrachromosomal DNA molecule that may be advantageous to a cell in certain situations

Plasmid

What is the shape of a chromosome in bacteria?

Circular double-stranded

Where is plasmid found within a bacteria cell?

Outside of chromosome, independently replicates

What is an example of a plasmid enhancing the survival of a bacterial cell?

Antimicrobial resistances

What is the make-up of prokaryotic ribosomal subunits?

Large = 50s

Small = 30s

Total = 70s

What is the make-up of eukaryotic ribosomal subunits?

Large = 60s

Smalll = 40s

Total = 80s

Are prokaryotic or eukarytoic ribosomes large?

Prokaryotic

What are two common bacteria genus that produce endospores?

Clostridium

Bacillus

What are the types of transport systems used by the cytoplasmic membrane?

Simple diffusiion (osmosis)

Facililated Diffusion (glucose)

Active transport

Group translocation

Rarely used by prokaryotes. Exploits a concetration gradient to move molecule by only elimanteing a gradient and requires no energy

Facilitate diffusion

Energy is expended to accumulate molecules against a concentration gradient

Active transport

The transported molecule is chemically altered as it passes into the cell

Group Translocation

rigidity of bacterial cell wall is due to ______

peptidoglycan: compound found only in bacteria

Basic structure of peptidoglycan

Alternating NAG and NAM forming a glycan chain held together by terapeptide chain

What is the component that gives a the gram-positive cell wall a negative charge?

Teichoic Acid

What is the color of a stained gram-positive cell

Purple

What is the color of a stained gram-negative cell

reddish-pink

Is the layer of peptidoglycan surrounding a gram-positive cell thick or thin?

Thick

Is the layer of peptidoglycan surrounding a gram-negative cell thick or thin?

Thin

Is teichoic acid found in gram-positive or gram-negative cells?

gram-positive

Is there an outer membrane found on gram-positive or gram-negative cells?

gram-negative

Is the endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) present in gram-positive or gram-negative?

gram-negative

Is periplasm present in gram-positive or gram-negative?

gram-negative

Which bacterium naturally lack a cell wall?

Mycoplasm

What do archaea have in replace of peptidoglycan?

Pseudopeptidoglycan

What structure is used to identify certain species or strains on gram-negative cells?

O-specified polysaccharide chain protruding from the LPS outer membrane

portion that anchors LPS molecule in lipid bilayer, can act as endotoxin when organism is killed & it is released into circulation (stimulate immune system to attack itself)

Lipid A

What is the chemical composition and slime usually referred to as?

Glycocalyx (sugar shell)

What are the general functions of capsules and slime layers?

-Protect bacteria from host defense

-Enables bacteria to adhere

This bacterial structure contributes to virulence and promotes pathogencity by preventing phagocytosis

Capsules

What are the three structures of a flagella?

1. Filament

2. Hook

3. Basal body

What type of cell utilizes run-and-tumble method with their flagella?

Bacteria

What are the 3 functions of pili?

Attachment

Movement

Conjugation (DNA transfer, sex pili)