Chemistry Flashcards: Carboxylic Acids, Esters, Amines, and Amides

Flashcards covering key concepts about Carboxylic Acids, Esters, Amines, and Amides. Includes nomenclature, properties, and reactions.

What is a carboxyl group?

A group containing a hydroxyl group (—OH) attached to the carbon in a carbonyl group.

How are IUPAC names assigned to Carboxylic Acids?

Replace the -e in the alkane name with -oic acid.

How are substituents numbered in the IUPAC names of carboxylic acids?

They are numbered from the carboxyl bonded to carbon 1.

Why are carboxylic acids strongly polar?

Carboxylic acids are strongly polar due to the hydroxyl and carbonyl groups.

What is the solubility of carboxylic acids in water?

They form hydrogen bonds with water molecules. Those with 1-4 carbons are very soluble.

What ions are produced when Carboxylic acids ionize in water?

Carboxylate ions and hydronium ions.

How is a carboxylate ion named?

By replacing the ic acid ending with ate.

How are esters synthesized?

Reaction of a carboxylic acid and alcohol.

What is esterification?

The reaction of a carboxylic acid and alcohol in the presence of an acid catalyst and heat to produce an ester.

What are the two parts of an ester name?

The alkyl part from the alcohol and the carboxylate name of the carboxylic acid.

What are the products of acid and base hydrolysis of esters?

Acid hydrolysis results in a carboxylic acid and alcohol, while base hydrolysis (saponification) produces the salt of the carboxylic acid and an alcohol.

What are amines?

Derivatives of ammonia in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced with alkyl or aromatic groups.

How are amines classified?

Primary (1°), secondary (2°), or tertiary (3°), based on the number of carbon groups bonded to the nitrogen atom.

How are simple amines named?

List the names of the alkyl groups bonded to the N atom in alphabetical order in front of amine.

What is the solubility of amines in water?

They can form hydrogen bonds with water, with smaller amines being more soluble.

How do amines act as bases in water?

The lone electron pair on the nitrogen accepts H+ from water, producing an ammonium ion and a hydroxide ion.

How is an amine salt formed?

It is formed when amines are neutralized by an acid, reacting as Brønsted–Lowry bases.

Before being used as medications, how are amines usually converted?

They are converted to their ammonium salt form.

What are alkaloids?

Physiologically active compounds produced by plants that contain heterocyclic amines.

What are amides?

Derivatives of carboxylic acids in which a nitrogen group (—NH2) replaces the hydroxyl (—OH) group.

How are amides produced?

By reacting a carboxylic acid with ammonia, or a primary or secondary amine, and heat.

How are amides named?

Drop the oic acid (IUPAC) or ic acid (common) from the carboxylic acid name and add the suffix amide.

What are the products of amide hydrolysis?

Acid hydrolysis produces a carboxylic acid and an ammonium salt, while base hydrolysis produces the salt of a carboxylic acid and an amine or ammonia.