DEVELOPMENT OF PALATAL PHONEMES

Enumerate individual changes that contributed to the creation of the palatal order.

1) Consonantization of /i/
2) Consonant + [j]
3) Palatalization of syllable-initial and intervocalic velars
4) Palatalization of syllable-final velars
5) Palatalization of -LL- and -NN-
6) Palatalization of PL-, CL- and FL-

Enumerate new palatal consonants that did not exist in Latin.

1) /ts/ (<K- before /e/ or /i/, <-KJ-, <-TJ-, <-SKJ-)

2) /dz/ (<-KJ-, <-TJ-, <-K before /e/ or /i/)

3) /ʃ/ (‘new’ palatal consonant) (<-KS-)

4) /ʒ/ (‘new’ palatal consonant) (<ʎ < -LJ-, <ʎ < -T’L-, <ʎ < K’L, <J-)

5) /tʃ/ (<-KT-, <-ULT-) (‘new’ palatal consonant)

6) /ʎ/ (<PL-, KL-, FL-, -LL-) (palatalized consonant)

7) /ɲ/ (<NJ, <-NN-, <-GN-, <-MN-) (palatalized consonant)

8) /j/ (<G- before /e/ or /i/, <-G before /e/ or /i/, <-GJ-, <-DJ-, <-J-)

Define palatalization of consonants

Process of assimilation through which the palatal glide [j] (which emerges from E and I in hiatus) modifies the preceding consonant, changing its place of articulation by drawing it towards that of [j]

Enumerate examples of consonantization of /i/, in other words, /i/ > [j] > [ǰ]

1) IĀNUĀRIUS > [ja:nua:rius] > [ǰanuarius] (spelt ZANUARIO, misspelling which reflects fricative nature of the initial phoneme)

2) IUSTUS > [justus] > [ǰustus] (spelt SUSTUS, misspelling which indicates fricative nature of the initial phoneme)

Enumerate possible combinations of consonant + [j] and their results in Castilian

1) /t/ + [j] > [ts] (note that when [ts] is intervocalic, it is subject to lenition and most frequently produces Old Castilian /dʒ/)

2) /k/ + [j] > [tʃ] > [ts] (see above)

3) /l/ + [j] > [ʎ] > [ʒ]

4) /n/ + [j] > [ɲ]

5) /d/ + [j] > [ǰǰ] (note that when /d/ + [j] is preceded by a consonant, the result is OSp. /ts/) (also note that when /ǰ/ is preceded in early Old Spanish by a front vowel, the consonant is lost through assimilation to the vowel)

6) /g/ + [j] > [ǰǰ] (see above) (also note that [ǰǰ] merges with the pronunciation of intervocalic -I-, having been subject to lenition and thus reduced to [ǰ])

7) /b/ + [j] > [ǰ] (note that the labials were largely unaffected by palatalization)

8) /p/ + [j] — the glide is transposed (metathesis) and the consonant is unaffected

9) /s/ + [j] — the glide is transposed (metathesis) and the consonant is unaffected

10) /p/ + [ɾ] — the glide is transposed (metathesis) and the consonant is unaffected

Enumerate examples of /t/ + [j] > [ts] (>[dʒ] when intervocalic)

1) PUTEU > [‘potso] > [‘podʒo] (pozo)

2) MARTIU > [‘martso] (março)

3) MATTIĀNA > [‘mattsana] > [‘matsana] (maçana) > mançana

Enumerate examples of /k/ + [j] > [tʃ] > [ts] (>[dʒ] when intervocalic).

1) ĒRĪCIU > [e’ɾitʃo] > [e’ɾitso] > [e’ɾidʒo] (erizo)

2) CALCEA > [‘kaltʃa] > [‘kaltsa] (calça)

3) BRACCHIU > [‘brattso] > [bratso] (braço)

Indicate time period when /t/ + [j] > [ts] and /k/ + [j] > [tʃ]

C. first century AD

Enumerate examples of /l/ + [j] > [ʎ] (in spoken Latin) > [ʒ]

1) ALIU > [aʎo] > [aʒo] (ajo)

2) FOLIA > [foʎa] > [foʒa] (foja/foia) (> hoja)

Enumerate examples of /n/ + [y] > [ɲ]

1) ARĀNEA > araña [aɾaɲa]

2) HISPANIA > España [espaɲa]

Enumerate examples of /d/ + [j] > [ǰǰ] > [ǰ] (except for when /d/ is preceded by a consonant)

1) PODIU > [poǰǰo] > [poǰo] (poyo=stone bench)

2) RADIĀRE > [raǰǰar] > [raǰar] (rayar)

3) SEDEAM > [seǰǰa] > [seǰa] > sea (note loss of consonant because the consonant is preceded by front vowel /e/)

Enumerate examples of /g/ + [j] > [ǰǰ] > [ǰ]

1) EXAGIU > [ensaǰǰo] > [ensaǰo] (ensayo)

2) FĀGEA > [faǰǰa] > [faǰa] (> haya)

3) CORRIGEA > [corriǰǰa] > [corriǰa] > correa (note loss of consonant because the consonant is preceded by a front vowel /i/)

Name example of /b/ + [j] > [ǰ] (note that palatalization of labials is rare)

HABEAM > haya [haǰa]

Enumerate examples of /d/ + [j] > [ts] when /d/ is preceded by a consonant.

1) VIRDIA > berça [beɾtsa] (cabbage)

2) VERĒCUNDIA > vergüença

Name example of outcome of /p/ + [j].

CAPIAM > quepa [kepa]

Name example of outcome of /s/ + [j]

BĀSIU > beso [beso]

Name example of outcome of /ɾ/ + [j].

AUGURIU > agüero

Enumerate examples of syllable-initial /k/ + front vowel > [tʃ] > [ts]

1) PĀCE > [‘patse] (paz)

2) CITRUS > [tsidɾo] (cidro)

3) CIRCA > [tserka] (cerca)

Enumerate examples of intervocalic /k/ + front vowel > [tʃ] > [ts] > [dz]

1) FACERE > [fatser] > [fadzer] (fazer)

2) DĪCIT > [ditze] > [didze] (dize)

Enumerate examples of intervocalic /k/ + non-front vowel > /g/

1) MICA > miga

2) AMICUS > amigo

Enumerate examples of intervocalic /g/ + front vowel > [ǰ] > [∅]

1) DIGITU > dedo

2) SAGITTA > saeta

Enumerate examples of intervocalic /g/ + non-front vowel > [ɣ] > (sometimes) [∅].

1) NEGĀRE > [neɣaɾ] (negar)

2) AUGUSTU > [aɣosto] (agosto)

3) REGĀLE > [ɾeɣal] > real

Enumerate examples of intervocalic /g/ + non-front vowel > /g/

1) GALLĪNA > gallina

2) GUTTA > gota

Enumerate examples of word-initial /g/ + front vowel > [ǰ] > (frequently) [∅]

1) GEMMA > yema

2) GENERU > yerno

3) GENUCULU > (h)inojo

Enumerate the combinations of /k/ or /g/ + consonant which lead to palatalization and their results in medieval Castilian.

1) -X- (=/ks/) > [ʃ]

2) -CT- > [tʃ]

3) -CL- > [ʎ] > [ʒ]

4) -GL- > [ʎ] > [ʒ]

5) -LT- (as syllable-final /l/ is frequently velar in spoken Latin, a characteristic that was exaggerated after a back vowel, this velar allophone of /l/ was treated like other syllable-final velars) > /tʃ/

Enumerate examples of -X- (=/ks/) > [ʃ]

1) DĪXĪ > [diʃe] (dixe)

2) TAXU > [teʃo] (texo > tejo)

3) MATAXA > [madeʃa] (madexa > madeja)

Enumerate examples of -CT- > [tʃ]

1) NOCTE > [notʃe] (noche)

2) STRICTU > [estɾetʃo] (estrecho)

Enumerate examples of -CL- > [ʎ] > [ʒ] (note that -CL- occurs primarily in clusters that form as a result of an intertonic vowel) (also note that the -CL- cluster sometimes appears when -T- is replaced by /k/ in the sequence -T(V)L)

1) LENTIC(U)LA > lenteja

2) OC(U)LU > ojo

3) SPEC(U)LUM > espejo

4) VETULU > *VECLU > viejo

Enumerate examples of -GL- > [ʎ] > [ʒ] (note that -GL- occurs primarily in clusters that form as a result of an intertonic vowel).

1) TEG(U)LA > teja

2) REG(U)LA > reja

Enumerate examples of -LT- (as syllable-final /l/ is frequently velar in spoken Latin, a characteristic that was exaggerated after a back vowel, this velar allophone of /l/ was treated like other syllable-final velars) > /tʃ/

1) CULTELLU > cuchiello (> cuchillo)

2) MULTU > mucho (cf. MULT(U) > muyt > muy, where loss of final -u means that the glide affects the preceding vowel but not the following consonant, as it is impermissible in Castilian for palatal consonants to occupy syllable-final position)

Enumerate examples where -CT- precedes /i/ in spoken Latin, meaning that the glide is quickly absorbed by the homorganic vowel and leaves the -T- unaffected.

1) FRĪCTO > frito

2) FĪCTU > fito (> hito)

Enumerate examples of -LL- > [ʎ]

1) CABALLU > [kaβaʎo] (cavallo)

2) GALLU > gallo

Enumerate examples of -NN- > [ɲ]

1) ANNU > [aɲo] (año)

2) CANNA > caña

Enumerate examples of palatalization of initial PL-, CL- and FL-

1) PLANU > [ʎano] llano

2) CLAVE > llave

3) FLAMMA > llama

Enumerate examples of palatalization of PL, CL and FL when these groups occur internally and are preceded by a consonant

1) AMPLU > [antʃo] (ancho)

2) *MANCLA > mancha

3) INFLARE > hinchar