ATD EXAM

Weather

Daily condition of the atmosphere; Within the day in local areas

Season

Annual condition of the atmosphere; Within the year

Tropical Seasons

Dry (El Nino) and Wet (La Nina)

Temperate Seasons

Summer, Winter, Spring, and Autumn

El Nino

Warm phase of Tropical regions

La Nina

Cold phase of Tropical regions

Climate

Condition of the atmosphere for centuries; Within decades/centuries in large continental regions

Hot-Humid, Hot-Arid, Cold, and Temperate

Enumerate the 4 different climates around the world

Hot-Humid Climate

• Regions near near or around the equator (Tropical Regions)

• High Water Vapors

Hot-Humid Climate

• Openings are limited for more air and less sun

• Sloped roof for rain

Hot-Arid Climate

• No Water Content

• Too hot, and dry

• Buildings are well-preserved

Hot-Arid Climate

• Windows are small and limited to block sun (faces north)

• Thick walls and Flat roofs

Cold Climate

• Little to no sun

• North and South Pole regions

Cold Climate

• No windows for insulation to prevent cool temperature from coming in

Temperate Climate

• Moderate Openings for adaptive use for the 4 seasons (Winter, Spring, Autumn, and Summer)

Tropical Design

• Minimizes Sun + Maximizes Wind (Improves thermal Comfort of a building/Indoor Quality while conserving energy)

• Design Solutions for Tropical Climate (adapts to Hot and Humid Air, and Rain)

Sun, Wind, and Rain

3 Climatic Factors of Tropical Design

Hip Roof

Best roof type for tropical design because all sides has eaves with equal overhangs.

Gable Roof

Sides are protected but not front and back which is not optimal for tropical conditions

Ridge

A

Hip

B

Valley

C

23 degrees 47 minutes

Tilt of the Earth’s Axis which causes Solstices and Equinoxes

Sun

In the word “Solstices”, Sol means ________

Summer Solstice

• March 21st to June 21st

• Sun moves from North east to North west (longest duration of sun path which makes the nights shorter and season hotter)

Winter Solstice

• September 21st to December 21st

• Sun moves from South east to South west (shortest duration of sun path which makes the nights longer and season colder)

Equinox

• June 21st to September 21st; December 21st to March 21st

• Sun moves from East to West (Average sun path duration)

Equal

In the word “Equinox”, Equi means _______

Azimuth

• Angular distance WITHIN the horizon

• measurement always starts from the north, clockwise

Altitude

• Angular distance FROM the horizon

• Kung gano katarik ang sun

Heat Transfer

When high temperatures pass on objects with lower temperatures

Conduction

Heat transfer through solid materials

Convection

Heat transfer through liquid or gaseous materials

Radiation

Heat transfer through electromagnetic waves

Fenestration

Openings like doors and windows which are important in shading

Building Envelope

Outermost covering of the building (Walls and roof)

Darker Colors

colors that absorb heat

Light and cool colors

Colors that reflet heat

Conduction

What type of heat transfer occurs in a building envelope?

Convection

What type of heat transfer occurs in ventilation systems?

Radiation

What type of heat transfer occurs in sunlight?

South

The direction closer to the sun and is most likely hotter which makes it the best direction to orient solar panels as well.

South

Best Dining area location according to sir Sotto

South-west

Best Kitchen location according to sir Sotto

North/North east

Best Bedroom location according to sir Sotto

West

Best T&B location according to sir Sotto

West

Best carport location according to sir Sotto

Carport

A space that helps block sun

North east/East

Best Living area location according to sir Sotto

Vertical Sun Shade

Sun shade type used for Low Altitude directions (East and West)

Horizontal Sun Shade

Sun shade type used for High Altitude directions (South)

Eggcrate Sun Shade

Combination of Vertical and Horizontal Sun Shade used for intermediate directions (NE, NW, SE, SW)

Prevailing Winds

Amihan (Northeast Monsoon) and Habagat (Southwest Monsoon)

Amihan

Cold and Low Velocity Wind (Winter Monsoon)

October to April

Month range of Amihan

Northeast

Direction of Winter Monsoon (Amihan)

The positive (+) zone

Trade Winds

Constant winds (present throughout the year)

They are Easterly winds (winds coming from the east)

Habagat

Hot and Humid, and High Velocity Wind (Summer Monsoon)

It comes along with rain (Tagulan and Typhoons)

May to September

Month range of Habagat

Southwest

Direction of summer monsoon (Habagat)

The negative (-) zone

Trees

Wind breakers, a solution to break wind from typhoons caused by Habagat

Amihan

desirable wind for buildings

Habagat

undesirable wind and should be avoided in buildings

6:1

Ratio of roofing

West-East

Best orientation of roofing

Windward

Positive Zone (+) (Northeast), where the wind enters or originates

Leeward

Negative Zone (-) (Southwest), where the wind exits

High Pressure to Low Pressure

What happens to wind pressure if wind enters (Windward) a building (Leeward)

Windward to Leeward

Flow of Wind: From positive zone to negative zone

Awning Windows

Best window considering Tropical Design

Casement Windows

If wind is sideways, wind cannot enter this type of window because it is only open upfront

Least resistance

Wind flows through areas with what?

Screens

They offer wind resistance. Remove for Stronger wind current

Lower and Higher

Ideally, Windows in windward should be _____ and ______ on Leeward. (Hot air rises)

above and below

Hot air is always _____ and cold air stays ______

Materials Recovery Facility

MRF

Habagat (Southwest Monsoon)

MRF is an exception, it needs this type of wind

Ground Level windows

This window level works best with Tropical design. However, it is not recommended considering electrical, privacy, and child safety

Artificial Ventilation

Ventilation that requires energy

Active Ventilation

another term for artificial ventilation

2.4 meters

minimum ceiling height for atificially ventilated spaces

For faster process of cooling a space. (Lesser volume, faster cooling)

Why are standard ceiling heights lower in artificially ventilated spaces?

Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning

HVAC

Window-type aircon

Cabinet-type aircon

Split-type aircon

Cassette-type aircon

Energy Efficiency Ratio (ERR)

Identifies an aircon’s rating of energy consumption (Higher rating = Lesser energy consumption)

Natural Ventilation

Ventilation that does not require energy to work

Passive Ventilation

Another term for natural ventilation

2.7 meters

minimum ceiling height for naturally ventilated spaces

Primarily to separate hot air from spaces that are accessible to users (hot air circulates upwards). Also, for better air circulation.

Why are standard ceiling heights higher in naturally ventilated spaces?

Cross-ventilation

2-opposite windows in a single space

Single-sided ventilation

smaller, larger

2 separate _______ windows (for entry and exit) are more preferrable than 1 _______ window in a single-sided ventilation

Wind Catcher (Concrete Ledge)

an exterior element that helps redirect wind into the windows.

Stack effect Ventilation

Use of hot air pressure to suction heat from the building outside through a space in the middle called the atrium.

Mostly used in high-rise buildings

Chimney Effect ventilation

Another term for Stack effect Ventilation

Courtyard Ventilation

Evaporative Cooling

Use of any forms of water through evaporation to cool the building