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Venus
Figurines depicting female of child-bearing that symbolize fertility are called ______.
King Cyrus II or Cyrus the Great
the founder of the Persian Achaemenid Empire; the largest empire in the world
The Standard of Ur (2600-2500BC)
an ancient Sumerian artifact that depicts scenes of war and peace on a small, rectangular box-like object (18” inches) made of wood inlaid with mosaic pieces of shell, red limestone, and lapis lazuli
Cire-perdue
lost-wax casting
Sargon I or Sargon the Great
The first ruler of the Akkadian Empire
Stele of Naram-Sin
monument that depicts the Akkadian victory over the Lullubi Mountain people
Tell Amar Figures (2700BC)
three-dimensional statue made of marble and their pupils are made of precious stone ; worshiped in hoping to bring them fertility to women and crops. They were evidence of lost-wax method
Cave of Altamira
Represented the discovery of Palaeolithic cave art, marking the first acknowledgement that the people of that period were capable of making carvings and paintings on the walls and ceilings of caves and rock shelters
Megalith
A large stone which has been used to construct a structure or monument, either alone or with other stones.
Menhir
A large, single upright standing stone.
Dolmen
A free standing chamber, consisting of standing stones covered by a capstone as a lid. Used for burial and were covered by mounds.
Cromlech
Stone circle.
Passage grave
Form of megalithic tomb in which a burial chamber set in the center of a barrow is approached by means of a narrow passage.
Corbelling
a technique whereby bricks or stones are placed overlapping each other
Tumuli
or burial mounds used to bury the dead and were sometimes considered houses for the spirits of the deceased.
Bronze Age
Age where copper and tin were widely used; use of semi-precious stones; advanced pottery.
Orthostat
An upright slab forming part of a larger structure.
Taula
A straight standing stone, topped with another forming a "T" shape.
Trilithon
Two parallel upright stones with a horizontal stone (called a lintel) placed on top. (Example: Stonehenge)
Sumerian
Contributed the cuneiform and the ziggurat architecture. Invented writing and produced the world's first literature: the Epic of Gilgamesh.
Akkadian
First Mesopotamian rulers to call themselves kings. May have been the first to cast hollow life-sized bronze sculptures.
Neo-Sumerian
Constructed one of the largest ziggurats in Mesopotamia at Ur.
Babylonian or Chaldean Period
Period where King Hammurabi formulated wide-ranging laws immortalized on the Code of Hammurabi stele.
Assyrian
Palaces were fortified citadels with lamassu guardians.
Persian
Built Persepolis; introduced the use of columns using bull capitals.
Cuneiform
from a Latin word “cuneus”, a system of writing used in ancient Mesopotamia, consisting of wedge-shaped marks made on clay tablets.
Lamassu
Human-headed winged bull.
Ziggurat
6-7 storeys high Sumerian Temple; provided for civic, commercial and even industrial activities often raised upon a platform.
Ishtar Gate
Entrance to Nebuchadnezzar Babylon. Supported a semi-circular arch covered with glazed bricks; dedicated to goddess Ishtar and Marduk
Tower of Babel
A 300 feet tall structure built in the land of Shinar (Babylonia) intended to reach the heavens
Hanging Gardens of Babylon
A great palace built by Nebuchadnezzar for his wife.
Amon
God of Thebes
Anubis
Jackal-god of necropolis
Aten
God of the sun-disk
Bes
Helper of women in childbirth, protector against snakes and other dangers. Depicted as a dwarf with features of a lion.
Hapi
God of the Nile flood; depicted as a man with female breasts
Hathor
Goddess of children; depicted as a cow.
Horus
Falcon-god
Imhotep
Architect who was later defied as the god of learning and medicine.
Isis
Divine mother protector of coffins and canopic jars.
Maat
Goddess of truth depicted as a woman with an ostrich feather on her head.
Mut
Wife of Amon, originally the vulture goddess.
Osiris
God of the underworld
Ptah
Creator god of Memphis, patron god of craftsmen.
Ra
Sun god of Heliopolis
Seth
God of storms and violence
Lotus
Sacred life; symbol of the sun god and the pharoah.
Palm
Symbol of purity
Sun disk
Emblematic of the sun god.
Vulture
Symbol of upper Egypt; loyal protection
Scarab
Rebirth of eternal life; symbol of god Khephera who was believed to cause the sun to move.
Serpent
symbol of loyalty
Ankh
symbol of life
Law of Frontality
Face must look straight ahead and each side must be exactly like the other, although the hands and feet are in profile. Eyes and shoulder in front view.
Sphinx
Mythical beast of ancient Egypt, frequently symbolizing the pharaoh as an incarnation of the sun god Ra.
Sarcophagus
Carved, generally stone case in which the linen-wrapped mummy was placed.
Imhotep
The first recorded artist of Western history, architect to Zoser.
Mastabas
first type of Egyptian tomb; funerary temple for commoners.
Necropolis
City of mastabas.
Pyramid
Burial place for Egyptian royalty.
Obelisk
Square shaft of stone with a pyramidal top used as a monument.
Mortuary Temples
For the dead pharaoh.
Cult Temples
For popular worship of the ancient gods.
Rock-hewn tombs/temples
Located on cliffs where they cut labyrinth passageways that led to ceremonial and burial chambers which were later replaced by temples.
Pylon
The entrance gate of an Egyptian temple.
Peristyle
The open court of an Egyptian temple.
Hypostyle
Part of an Egyptian temple where it contains a double row of columns higher than the others.
Sanctuary
Part of an Egyptian temple where it contains a small shrine which was used as a receptacle for the small statue of a god.
Papyrus bundle
Symbolized lower Egypt. Suggests the presence of a temple.
Lotiform
Used in non-secular buildings.
Campaniform
Flower or bell-shaped form.
Incised carving
a carving technique that involves cutting a design's outline into a surface
Art
An aesthetically pleasing and meaningful arrangement of elements, as words, sounds, colors, shapes, etc. Form of human activity whose chief character is determined by such arrangement.
Architecture
The science or profession of designing and constructing buildings or other structures.
Decorative Arts
Any of the arts pertaining to or referring to the following: painting, sculpture, glass and glassware, ceramic and pottery, metallurgy and plants.
Practical
Seeks to establish what was built, when, by whom and for whom.
Historical
The whys and its relationship to the social, economic, political, cultural and religious environment.
Aesthetics
Accounts visual and stylistic differences and to explain how styles change and why they do so.
1. Rational, Technological & Constructional
2. Social and Religious
3. Economic, Cultural and Political
4. Spirit of the Age (Zeitgeist)
Factors of Historical Development
Mousterian
A sub-period of Paleolithic Age known to use pigments for bodily ornamentation.
Aurignacian
A sub-period of Paleolithic Age known for cave paintings.
Magdalenian
A sub-period of Paleolithic Age known for 'the last of the hunter-gatherers, live for 6 centuries. Art found: engravings of horses, bison, ibex, stag, reindeer, bear, wildcats on bone.
Mesolithic Age (Middle Stone Age) 10,000-8,000 B.C.
Beginning of settled communities and farming, the invention of bow and arrow, pottery for food storage and domestication of small animals.
Stone row
A linear arrangement of upright, parallel standing stones.
Mesopotamian Civilization
Known as the cradle of civilizations because of its enormous advances and contributions including domestication of animals, trade and coinage, legal government, potter's wheel, wagon wheel, alphabet, architecture, mathematics and astronomy, monotheism and monogamy.
Neo-Babylonian
Period where Nebuchadnezzar II captured Jerusalem and has been associated with the architectural wonders of Babylon.
Venus of Willendorf (Austria)
Figurine in the Paleolithic age, 4 1/2" tall and made of limestone.
Paleolithic Age (Old Stone Age) 30,000 - 16,000 B.C.
The age in which humans lived as nomads in small communities, hunting and gathering fruits for food and using fire and crude stone implements.
Shaman Trois Freres
Paleolithic art that shows a Shaman donning the animal suit to absorb the powers of the animal
Paleolithic Sculptures
Sculptures during this age were usually made of ivory, bone, clay, and stone
Bison of Tuc D'Audoubert
A paleolithic cave art of bisons, constructed in a combination of sculpture in the round and relief
Sgraffito Art
a ceramic or mural decoration made by scratching/incising off a surface layer to reveal the ground
Neolithic Age (New Stone Age) 7,000 - 3,000 B.C.
During this age, people shifted from hunting and gathering to farming/agriculture. Monumental architecture (e.g. megaliths) began to develop as well as temples and tombs.
Vernacular Architecture
architecture built using local knowledge and material, considered part of a regional culture during pre-history
Trullo
dry walled rough stone shelter with corbelled roof; similar to a beehive hut but more shaped and is plastered inside
Bronze Age
3,000 - 1,200 BC
Bronze Age
During this age, the use of copper and tin, and semi-precious stones became widely done
Architecture
The science or profession of designing and constructing buildings or other structures
Practical
Historical
Aesthetics
Approaches to historical style analysis (3)
Mousterian
Aurignacian
Magdalenian
Sub-Periods of the Paleolithic Age (3)
