Topic 3: Major Frame Works and Pioneers of Psychology

A source of help, support, or action that someone can turn to when dealing with a problem.

Define Recourse in Psychology

A universal, recurring pattern or character that represents a common human experience.

What does “archetype” mean in psychology?

Absolutely necessary; essential.

What does indispensable mean?

emphasises empathy, acceptance and client autonomy.

What doe person-centred therapy empathasise as developed by Carl Rogers?

The individual’s subjective experience.

What did Carl Rogers try to understand?

Reaction-time measurements and the study of attention switching.

What is a lasting contribution of Titchener’s structuralism?

Observable behaviour and how the environment shapes it through learning.

What do behaviourists focus on?

Observable, measurable behaviour, stimuli, reinforcement and punishment.

What should psychological study focus on according to behaviourists?

A previously neutral stimulus that produces a learned response after being paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

What is a conditioned stimulus according to Pavlov?

A stimulus that naturally produces a response without learning.

What is an unconditioned stimulus according to Pavlov?

Behaviours followed by positive consequences are more likely to be repeated.

What did Thorndike’s Law of Effect propose?

The process of examining and reporting on one’s own conscious thoughts and experiences.

What is introspection in Psychology?

It was subjective, so he believed psychology should focus on observable, measurable behaviour.

Why did Watson reject introspection?

With the right environment, anyone could be shaped into a successful contributor to society.

What did Watson believe about the influence of the environment?

esponding to stimuli similar to the original conditioned stimulus.

What is stimulus generalisation according to Watson?

Behaviour is shaped by environmental consequences, not free will.

What did Skinner’s radical behaviourism propose?

The brains internal processes were considered unobservable and therefore excluded from scientific study, with focus placed instead on measurable stimuli and behaviours.

What did behaviourists mean by the “black box”?

There are internal mental states that mediate the relationship between stimulus and response

What did Neo- Bevaviouralists (like Tolman and Hull) propose?

Organisms form mental maps of their environment that guide behaviour.

What did Tolman propose?

Behaviour is best understood by considering the whole experience, including perception and cognition.

What did Gestalt psychologists believe?

The brain uses context to fill in missing visual information and create a complete perception.

What is perceptual filling according to Gestalt psychologists?

Because it neglected internal mental processes and individual differences in cognitive development.

Why did developmental psychologists reject behaviourism?

Children learn by observing and modelling the actions of more experienced others.

What is Vygotsky’s concept of proximal learning?

Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational and formal operational.

What are Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development?

We actively construct knowledge through interaction with our environment.

What did Piaget propose about learning?

Jung believed the unconscious included inherited collective patterns, while Freud emphasised repressed personal experiences.

How did Jung and Freud differ on the unconscious?

Explaining human actions by looking at brain chemistry or genetics instead of the whole person.

What does reductionalist mean in Psychology?

Clients are experts in their own lives and capable of self-understanding, self-direction and constructive change.

What did Rogers believe about clients in client-centred therapy?