Cognitive Psych - Ch 10

language production

What do psycholinguists tend to study more than language comprehension?

accurate and well-formed

The content of the speech that most people produce is generally ...

Slip of the Tongue

errors in which sounds or entire words are rearranged between two or more different words

They reveal our extensive knowledge about sounds, structure, and meaning of the language we are speaking

Why are slips of the tongue informative?

Sound Errors

slip of the tongue error that occurs when sounds in nearby words are exchanged

Sound Errors

Snow Flurries --> Flow Snurries is an example of?

Morpheme Errors

slip of the tongue error that occurs when morphemes are exchanged in nearby words

Morpheme Error

self-destruct instruction

--> self-instruct destruction is an example of?

Word Errors

slip of the tongue error that occurs when words are exchanged

Word Error

Writing a letter to my mother --> writing a mother to my letter is an example of?

Morpheme

the smallest meaningful units in language

a word

Instead of a nonword, you are more likely to create what when making a slip of the tongue error?

The words we are currently pronouncing are influenced by both the words we have already spoken and the words we are planning to speak

What does the pattern of error suggest?

split-second timing

We do not acquire all the different kinds of information at exactly the same moment; instead, we use?

Message Planning

the first stage of sentence production, where we mentally plan the gist of the message we intend to generate; we begin producing speech in a top-down fashion

Grammatical Encoding

the second stage of sentence production, where the words necessary to convey the planned message are selected, and the correct morphology is added to the words (adding +ing)

Phonological Encoding

the third stage of sentence production, where we convert the units of the planned utterance into a sound code, and this information is used to generate the correct movements of the mouth and vocal tract during the speaking act

Prosody

in language, the melody of an utterance; its intonation, rhythm, and emphasis

Discourse

language units that are larger than a sentence

Narrative

the type of discourse in which someone describes a series of actual or fictional events; events are in a time-related sequence, and they are emotionally involving

It allows the speaker to hold the floor for an extended period of time

Why is the format of a narrative unusual?

Gestures

visible movements of any part of your body, which you use to communicate

Iconic Gestures

gestures with a form that represents the concept about which a speaker is talking

Deictic Gestures

gestures that involve pointing to some object or location while speaking, and are often accompanied by words such as this or that

Beat Gestures

gestures that occur in a rhythm that matches the speech rate and prosodic content of speech; do not convey specific information to a listener

How you think and facilitate learning

What can gestures influence?

When our verbal system cannot retrieve a word

When can a gesture sometimes help activate relevant information?

When we have had previous experience with the relevant physical activity

When are we more likely to produce a gesture?

Embodied Cognition

emphasizes that people use their bodies to express their knowledge; focuses on concrete physical actions, rather than abstract meaning

In isolation

When are you more likely to write?

Planning

Sentence generation

Revising

What are the three phases writing consists of?

Working Memory

coordinates your ongoing mental activities and plays a central role in writing

Phonological Loop

stores a limited number of sounds for a short period of time

The limited capacity of the phonological loop, making it more difficult to access and recall syllables

What does the phonological processing required during the writing process create demands on?

Visuospatial Sketchpad

processes both visual and spatial information

When trying to define a concrete word, because you are likely to create a mental image

When and why is visual information relevant?

Prewriting

a difficult and strategic part of beginning the formal writing project, by generating a list of ideas

Avoid overloaded attention

What can a outline help you with?

Bilingual Speaker

someone who is fluent in two different languages

Multilingual Speaker

someone who speaks more than two languages

Simultaneous Bilingualism

learning two languages simultaneously

Sequential Bilingualism

their native language is referred to as their first language, and the nonnative language that they acquire after their first language is their second language

A person's motivation and her or his attitude toward the people who speak that language

What are the two important predictors of success in acquiring a second language?

Bilingual children actually scored higher than monolinguals on a variety of tasks

What did researchers find after controlling for factors such as age and social class?

Metalinguistics

knowledge about the form and structure of language

On many but not all

On measures of meta linguistic skill do bilinguals outperform monolinguals?

Dementia

an acquired, persistent syndrome of cognitive deficits

Bilingual adults develop signs of it later

How does dementia differ in bilingual adults and monolingual adults?

*May subtly alter how they pronounce some speech sounds in both languages

*May process language slightly slower

*Children may have smaller vocabularies

What are the minor disadvantages in bilingualism?

Age of Acquisition

the age at which you learned a second language

Critical Period Hypothesis

proposes that individuals who have already reached a specified age, perhaps early puberty, will no longer be able to acquire a new language with native-like fluency

Phonology

the sounds of a person's speech

When they acquire the second language during childhood

When are people more likely to pronounce words like a native speaker?

doesn't matter

As far as vocabulary, age?

does matter

As far as phonology, age?

For people whose first language is different from English, but there may be no relationship when the first language is similar to English

When is age of acquisition sometimes related to grammar?

Translation

the process of converting text written in one language into a second written language

Interpreting

the process of changing from a spoken message in one language into a second spoken language

sign language

What is the one exception to interpreting?

Increase working memory

What does the experience of managing simultaneous tasks do?