12-2.4: GenChem

Arrhenius acids and bases

This theory refers to acid and base that, when dissolved in water, increases the concentration of hydrogen ions

Johannes Bronsted and Thomas Lowry

who independently proposed similar papers on the definitions of acids and bases in 1923 which broaden the Arrhenius concept of acid and bases

acid

a substance that can donate a proton

base

a substance that can accept a proton

conjugate

means ‘joined together as a pair’

amphoteric substance

such as water can both act as an acid or base

acid

ionize completely in aqueous solutions

base

completely dissociate into ions in aqueous solutions

litmus paper, indicator, pH meter

wat are the three ways to measure pH level

indicators

including litmus paper, are used for less accurate measurements

indicators

is one color in its acid form and another color in its basic form

pH meters

are used for accurate measurement of pH

electrodes

this indicates small changes in voltage to detect pH

neutral

the pH level is ___ when its 7

acidic

the pH level is ___ when its below 7

basic

the pH level is ___ when its above 7

p

tells us to take the -log of a quantity

buffer action

is the reactions responsible for maintaining constant pH on the addition of acid or base in buffer solution