MLSP-112-MIDTERMS

Urinalysis

Testing of urine for wellness monitoring, diagnosis, and treatment.

Oliguria

Decreased urine output; less than 400mL/day in adults.

Anuria

Cessation of urine flow, suggesting severe kidney damage.

Nocturia

Increased urination at night.

Polyuria

Excessive urine output; more than 2.5L/day in adults.

Specific gravity (SG)

Measurement of urine concentration compared to distilled water.

Ultrafiltrate

Fluid formed from plasma at the kidneys which becomes urine.

Midstream clean-catch

Urine specimen collected to avoid contamination from the genital area.

Catheterized specimen

Urine collected under sterile conditions using a catheter.

Suprapubic aspiration

Collection of urine directly from the bladder via needle in pediatric cases.

First morning specimen

Most concentrated urine sample, collected immediately upon waking.

24-hour urine collection

Quantitative urine specimen collected over a full 24 hours.

Chemical examination

Utilization of reagent strips to analyze chemical components in urine.

Urochrome

Pigment responsible for the normal color of urine.

Hematuria

Presence of blood in urine.

Glomerular bleeding

Bleeding originating from the glomeruli, possibly indicated by urine color changes.

Xanthochromia

Yellowish discoloration in CSF indicating presence of bilirubin.

Steatorrhea

Fatty stools due to impaired fat absorption, tested for via fecal fat analysis.

Amniotic fluid

Fluid providing cushion for the fetus and allowing for safe movement.

Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)

Antigen in amniotic fluid used to assess potential fetal developmental issues.

Fasting samples

Specimens collected after a period of not eating to ensure accurate results.

Calibrating

Adjusting a measuring instrument's accuracy.

Ejaculate volume

Normal semen volume ranges from 2 to 5 mL.

Viscosity (semen)

Thickness of semen, important in assessing fertility.

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Fluid providing nourishment to nerves and cushioning the brain and spine.

Thrombocytopenia

Low platelet count, can be assessed via blood tests.

pH of urine

The measure of acidity or alkalinity in urine, typically ranges from 4.5 to 8.

Inhibitors

Substances used to prevent chemical reactions in testing.

Serous fluid

Fluid that lubricates between membranes in body cavities.

Electrophoresis

Technique for separating molecules based on size and charge, often used in serum analysis.

Immunochemistry

Subfield focused on the study of immune components in blood.

Centrifugation

Process of separating blood components through spinning.

Lactose tolerance test

Test to assess digestion of lactose by measuring glucose levels.

Urinary tract infection (UTI)

Infection in any part of the urinary system, often diagnosed through urinalysis.

Urine color - Dark yellow

Indicates concentrated specimen; often results from dehydration.

Urine color - Amber

Suggests dehydration, potentially from fever or burns.

Urine color - Red

Could indicate presence of blood from various potential causes.

Urinary obstruction

Blockage that prevents normal flow of urine.

Microbial analysis

Testing urine or other fluids to identify microbial infections.

Sample rejection criteria

Reasons that a specimen may be deemed unsuitable for testing.

Sample integrity

Refers to the quality and reliability of collected specimens.

Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

Blood test measuring kidney function through waste product concentration.

Creatinine clearance

Test measuring kidney function by determining creatinine levels in urine and blood.

Manual pipetting

Technique for transferring liquid samples by hand using a pipette.

Transabdominal amniocentesis

Procedure for obtaining amniotic fluid via needle aspiration into the amniotic sac.

Pre-analytical variance

Changes occurring before analysis that affect test results.

Synovial fluid

Viscous liquid in joint cavities, important for lubrication.

Pulmonary edema

Fluid accumulation in the lungs, potentially indicated through fluid analysis.

Blood collection order of draw

Specific sequence for drawing blood to prevent contamination.

C-reaction protein (CRP)

Blood test marker for inflammation.

Hematocrit

Measurement of the proportion of blood volume occupied by red blood cells.

Urine drug testing

Testing urine for the presence of illegal substances or drugs.

Clinical pathology

Field involving the diagnostics through examination of bodily fluids.

Specimen labeling practices

Protocols ensuring specimens are accurately identified.

Biopsies

Tissue samples taken for diagnostic analysis.

Tissue fixation

Preservation method used for tissue samples, typically involving formalin.

Specimen preservation

Methods used to maintain specimen validity before testing.

Transport media

Substances used to ensure samples remain viable during transport.

Legal responsibilities (blood collection)

Requirement to follow specific protocols during patient sampling.

Phlebotomy techniques

Methods used to obtain blood specimens.

Collector verification

Process of confirming the identity of specimens.

Quality control

Procedures in laboratories to maintain accuracy in testing.

Clinical laboratory standards

Regulatory guidelines ensuring quality in laboratories.

Fecal fat testing

Diagnosis for fat malabsorption through measurement of fat in stool.

Orthostatic proteinuria

Protein in urine that appears upon standing.

Prostate specific antigen (PSA)

Blood test used to screen for prostate cancer.

Liver function tests

Tests assessing the health of the liver through blood markers.

Antibody testing

Diagnostic measures focusing on the immune response in patients.

Laboratory results interpretation

Process involved in understanding and explaining test outcomes.

Sputum analysis

Assessment of mucus for respiratory diseases.

Antigen detection tests

Tests identifying specific pathogens based on antigens.

Hemoglobin A1c

Blood test providing average blood sugar levels over the past 3 months.

Transfusion process

Procedure and policies surrounding blood donations for patients.

Fluid dynamics

Study of fluids in motion, relevant for urine flow analysis.

Medical history relevance

Impact of individual medical history on diagnosis and testing.

Sample timing significance

Importance of timing in relation to specific tests.

Non-invasive specimen collection

Methods that do not require piercing the skin.

Therapeutic drug monitoring

Measuring drug levels in patients to ensure efficacy and safety.

Clinical significance of test results

Importance of test outcomes in patient treatment.

Hemolyzed samples

Samples with ruptured red blood cells leading to unreliable results.

Urinalysis test strips

Chemical strips for rapid urine analysis.

Urinary incontinence

Loss of bladder control leading to unintentional urine leakage.

Cholesterol screening

Blood tests for measuring cholesterol levels.

Preoperative assessment

Tests carried out before surgery to evaluate patient health.