Exam one psych review

Introspection

Developed by Wilhelm Wundt; A process in which someone examines their own conscious experience as objectively as possible, making the human mind like any other aspect of nature that a scientist observed. Includes repeated exposure to a stimulus, while asking, “How does that make you feel?”

Voluntarism

People have free will and should know the intentions of a psychological experiment if they were participating

Structuralism

Developed by Edward Titchener; Focused on the contents of mental processes rather than their function. This focused on the individual parts of the mind rather than the whole. Utilized introspection to understand the structure of the mind

Functionalism

William James, John Dewey, and Charles Sanders Peirce helped establish functional psychology. Jame’s perspective where psychology’s purpose was to study the function of behavior in the world. Functionalism focused on how mental activities helped an organism fit into its environment. Focused on the study of the whole mind rather than the study of individual parts.

Psychoanalytic theory

Developed by an Austrian neurologist Sigmond Freud. Focuses on the role of a person’s unconscious, as well as early childhood experiences.

Theory stemmed from Freud’s interest in “hysteria” and how he believed that many of his patients’ problems arose from the unconscious mind.

Method of Psychoanalysis

Involves patients talking about their experiences and selves. Ex. Dream analysis, word association, Freudian slip—>When one person thinks one thing but says another thing which lets the individual look into the unconscious mind

Gestalt principles/psychology

“Gestalt” translates to “the form in its whole.” Gestalt psychology deals with the fact that although a sensory experience can be broken down into individual parts, how those parts relate to each other as a whole is often what the individual responds to in perception.

Contradicts with ideas of Structuralism

Conditioned reflex

Studied by the Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov. —> Animal or human produced a reflex (unconscious) response to a stimulus and, over time, was conditioned to produce the response to a different stimulus that the experimenter associated with the original stimulus. Ex. Pavlov’s dog—> Salivation in response to the presence of food.

Behaviorism

Developed by John B. Watson “Father of behaviorism”

—>Watson shifted the focus of psychology from the mind to behavior, and created the approach of observing and controlling behavior. e.g. learned behavior and its interaction with inborn qualities of the organism.

B.F. Skinner

An American psychologist who was a behaviorist that concentrated on how behaviors were affected by its consequences. Ex. operant conditioning chamber for rats where rats get treat or get punished with noise for pressing buttons.

Humanism

A psychological perspective that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans. This concept emerged from some psychologists emphasizing on personal control, intentionality, and the true predisposition for “good”

Abraham Maslow

An American psychologist who proposed the hierarchy of human needs in motivating behavior. He asserts that as long as basic needs necessary for survival were met (e.g. food, water, shelter), higher level needs would begin to motivate behavior,

Carl Rogers

An American psychologist that emphasized the potential good in people. Rogers utilized the client-centered therapy to help his clients. This method involves the patient taking a lead role in the therapy session rather than the therapist attempting to interpret the behaviors that reveal the person’s unconscious mind.

American Psychological Association (APA)

Professional organization representing psychologists in the U.S.

Biopsychology

Explores how our biology influences our behavior.

Object Permanance

Ex. If adults see a toy and the toy is hidden behind the curtain, then they know that the toy is behind the curtain. However, when a child sees the toy and the toy is then hidden behind the curtain, the infant believes that the toy no longer exists.

Personality Psychology

Focuses on patterns of thoughts and behaviors that make each individual unique

Social Psychology

Focuses on how we interact with and relate to others.