HIS LAB MIDTERM LESSON 1

Monitoring

The systematic collection, analysis, and use of information from programs to learn from experiences, account for resources used, and guide decision-making

Learning Function

Using acquired experiences to inform future proposals, policies, or decisions.

Monitoring (Accounting) Function

Accounting internally and externally for resources used and results obtained.

Steering Function

Utilizing collected data and results to guide decision-making and adjust implementation.

Evaluation

Assessing an ongoing or completed program or policy as systematically and objectively as possible to determine its relevance, effectiveness, efficiency, impact, and sustainability.

Indicator

A variable whose value changes over time, measuring change in meaningful units that can be compared against past and future metrics. Focuses on a single aspect of a program (e.g., input, output, or objective)

M&E Framework

A general framework built on global principles (such as the Paris Declaration and IHP+) to align national and global M&E systems, tracking both program performance and funding platforms.

Inputs & Processes

The resources, financing, infrastructure, health workforce, and governance invested into a health system

Outputs

Intermediate results reflecting intervention access, readiness, quality, and safety.

Outcomes

Broad coverage metrics, such as intervention coverage and prevalence of health conditions

Impact

Long-term health system goals, including improved survival rates, reduced mortality/morbidity, equity of access, and financial risk protection.

DOTS (Directly Observed Treatment, Short-Course)

The global control strategy for TB management and case tracking.

PTB+ (Pulmonary TB Smear-Positive)

Tuberculosis infection in the lungs confirmed via positive sputum smear.

PTB- (Pulmonary TB Smear-Negative)

Pulmonary tuberculosis diagnosed without positive sputum smear results

Extra-Pulmonary TB

Tuberculosis infection occurring outside the lungs.

Defaulter

A TB patient who interrupts treatment before completing the full course.

Relapse

A patient previously declared cured or treatment-completed who is diagnosed again with active TB.

Treatment Failure

A TB patient whose biological samples remain or become positive during treatment.

HIV-TB Co-Infection

Simultaneous infection with both HIV and Tuberculosis, requiring joint tracking and integrated treatment enrollment.

Under-5 Mortality Rate

The probability of a child dying between birth and five years of age, expressed per 1,000 live births.

IMCI / CCMI (Integrated Management / Community Case Management of Childhood Illnesses)

Holistic health strategies aimed at preventing and treating major causes of childhood deaths (e.g., diarrhea, pneumonia, malaria, measles)

ITN (Insecticide-Treated Nets)

Mosquito nets treated with insecticide used as a primary prevention method against malaria

Antenatal Care (ANC)

Care received during pregnancy; tracked via metrics like 1st ANC visit and 4th ANC visit attendances.

Antepartum Hemorrhage (APH)

Bleeding from the genital tract during pregnancy prior to delivery.

Postpartum Hemorrhage (PPH)

Excessive bleeding following childbirth, monitored as a major cause of maternal morbidity and mortality.

Puerperal Sepsis

Infection of the genital tract occurring at any time between the onset of rupture of membranes or labor, and the 42nd day post-delivery.

Skilled Health Personnel

Medically trained providers (e.g., midwives, nurses, doctors) attending deliveries.

HEWs (Health Extension Workers)

Community-based health workers delivering basic healthcare services and home/health post deliveries.

Family Planning Acceptance Rate

Measure of women or couples acquiring contraceptives to delay or prevent pregnancy

PMTCT (Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission)

Programs designed to prevent HIV transmission from an infected mother to her child during pregnancy, labor, delivery, or breastfeeding.

PLWHA (People Living With HIV/AIDS)

Metric tracking total individuals actively receiving Anti-Retroviral Therapy (ART).

VCT (Voluntary Counseling and Testing

Services providing confidential counseling and testing for HIV

Trace Drug Availability

Indicator tracking the ongoing stock levels and presence of essential/tracer medicines in a health facility.

OPD Attendance Per Capita

Average number of outpatient department visits per person in a given population within a defined period.

In-Patient Admission Rate

Percentage or rate of individuals admitted to a healthcare facility for overnight stay.