Cumulative Chem Final

What is Thermochemistry

 The study of heat and energy changes during chemical and physical processes.

What is System

What you’re studying

What are Surroundings

Everything else

Endo thermic reaction

Absorbs heat, feels cold (ΔH > 0) +

Exothermic reaction

Releases heat, feels hot (ΔH < 0) -

What formula would you use for this equation: CH4​(g)+2O2​(g)→CO2​(g)+2H2​O(l)ΔH=−890.3kJ/mol

Q=MCΔT

What does Q=

Heat J or Kj

What does M=

Mass Grams

What does C equal

J/g Celsius

What does ΔT equal

Temperature change, Celsius T final - T initial

What makes up an ionic bond?

Metal+Non metal

What makes up a Covalent Bond

2 nonmetals

Is Polar equal or un equal sharing

unequal

Is Nonpolar equal or non equal sharing

equal

Nonpolar Covalent electronegativity is

0-0.4

Polar Covalent electronegativity is

0.5-1.7

Ionic electronegativity is

1.7+

What is a solid

Definite shape and volume

What is a liquid

Definite, shape of container

What is a gas

No definite shape or volume

What are some physical properties

Color, density, melting/boiling point

What are some chemical properties

Flammability, reactivity, acidity

LDF

Weakest of the IMF’S present in all molecules

D-D

Between polar molecules

Hydrogen bonding

Strongest, H bonded to N,O,F

Accuracy is?

Closest to the actual value

Precision is?

repeatability of results

Who is Ernest Rutherford

 It proved that atoms have a dense, positively charged nucleus. Most particles passed through the foil, but some were deflected, suggesting a small central core.

How do you find an atomic number

Protons

How do you find mass number

Protons+Neutron

What is an isotope

Same element, different number of neutrons

Electron configuration example

Na = 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s¹

Electron Configuration Shorthand example

Shorthand = [Ne] 3s¹

Linear

Bonded Pairs: 2 Lone Pairs: 0 Angle: 180 EX: Co2

Trigonal Planar

Bonded Pairs: 3 Lone Pairs: 0 Angle: 120 EX: BF3

Tetrahedral

Bonded Pairs: 4 Lone Pairs: 0 Angle: 109.5 EX: CH4

Trigonal Pyramidal

Bonded Pairs: 3 Lone Pairs: 1 Angle: 107 EX: NH3

BENT

Bonded Pairs: 2 Lone Pairs: 2 Angle: 104.5 EX: H2O

Octahedral

Bonded Pairs: 6 Lone Pairs: 0 Angle: 90 EX: SF6

What are the trends across a periodic table if it goes left →

Atomic Radius : down

Ionization Energy: up

Electronegativity: up

Trends in a group going down the periodic table:

Atomic Radius : up

Ionization Energy: down

Electronegativity: down

Combined Gas Law:

(P₁V₁)/T₁ = (P₂V₂)/T₂

Formula to find the yield of an equation

(Actual/Theoretical) x 100%

Avogadro’s Number =

6.022 × 10²³ particles/mol

Synthesis

A+B = AB

Decomposition

AB = A+B

Single Replacement

A + BC → AC + B

Double Displacement

 AB + CD → AD + CB

Combustion

Hydrocarbon + O₂ → CO₂ + H₂O