Lab Quiz #8- 10.2, 10.3, 10.4 BIOL 124 GMU

cerebrum

Largest part of the brain; responsible for voluntary muscular activity, vision, speech, taste, hearing, thought, and memory.

Gyri (gyrus)

ridges of the cortex

Sulci (sulcus)

shallow grooves

cerebral hemispheres

The right and left halves of the cerebrum, covered by the cerebral cortex and connected by the corpus callosum; they control movement and feeling on the opposing sides of the body.

cerebral cortex

outer gray matter of cerebrum

cerebral white matter

tracts to and from the cerebral cortex - projection fibers, commissural fibers, association fibers

protection fibers

connects the cortex with other areas in the CNS

commissural fibers

the left and right hemisphere

e.g., the corpus callosum

association fibers

connect different parts of the same hemisphere

Fissures

deep grooves in the brain

gray matter

a portion of the CNS consisting of cytons (cell bodies), their dendrites and synaptic connections

white matter

myelinated axons

tentorium cerebelli

separates cerebrum from cerebellum

nuclei

islands of gray matter, basal nuclei

frontal lobe

A region of the cerebral cortex that has specialized areas for movement, abstract thinking, planning, memory, and judgement

parietal lobe

A region of the cerebral cortex whose functions include processing information about touch.

occipital lobe

A region of the cerebral cortex that processes visual information

temporal lobe

A region of the cerebral cortex responsible for hearing and language.

insula lobe

found deep beneath the lateral sulcus, associated with memory and interpretation of taste

longitudinal fissure

separates cerebral hemispheres

central sulcus

separates frontal and parietal lobes

lateral sulcus

Separates temporal lobe from parietal and frontal lobes

Parietooccipital Sulcus

separates parietal and occipital lobes

pre central gyrus

location of primary motor cortex

post central gyrus

primary somatosensory cortex

Diencephalon

thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

thalamus

the brain's sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla

hypothalamus

A neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward.

epithalamus

Contains pineal body. Involved in olfactory senses and sleep/wake cycle- melatonin

inner gray matter

basal nuclei - movement

middle white matter

myelinated axons, association fibers, projection fibers, comisseral fibers

outer gray matter

cerebral cortex, motor, sensory, visual, audio

cerebellum

the "little brain" at the rear of the brainstem; functions include processing sensory input and coordinating movement output and balance

arbor vitae

white matter of the cerebellum

outer gray matter of cerebellum

cerebellar cortex

vermis

Connects the two hemispheres of the cerebellum

folia

folds of the cerebellum

falx cerebelli

separates the two hemispheres of the cerebellum

brainstem

the oldest part and central core of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull; the brainstem is responsible for automatic survival functions

mid brain, pons, medulla oblongata

midbrain

A small part of the brain above the pons that integrates sensory information and relays it upward.

pons

A brain structure that relays information from the cerebellum to the rest of the brain

medulla oblongata

Part of the brainstem that controls vital life-sustaining functions such as heartbeat, breathing, blood pressure, and digestion.

cranial meninges outer to inner

connective tissue around brain, dura mater, arachnoid mater, Pia mater

dura mater of brain

two parts:

periosteal and meningeal layer

made of dense irregular connective tissue

arachnoid mater of brain

subarachnoid space (CSF) and arachnoid villus/granulation (CSF draining into sinus)

subarachnoid space

a space in the meninges beneath the arachnoid membrane and above the pia mater that contains the cerebrospinal fluid

loose fibrous connective tissue

arachnoid villus/granulations

drainage of CSF into dural sinuses

pia mater

thin, delicate inner membrane of the meninges

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

plasma-like clear fluid circulating in and around the brain and spinal cord

Production of CSF

begins with the filtration of blood plasma through the capillaries of the brain

Ependymal cells modify the filtrate, so CSF has more sodium and chloride than plasma, but less potassium, calcium, glucose, and very little protein

HAPPENS IN ALL VENTRICLES

CSF circulates through

lateral ventricles to third ventricle to cerebral aqueduct to fourth ventricle to subarachnoid space and central canal of spinal cord

choroid plexus

A highly vascular portion of the lining of the ventricles that secretes cerebrospinal fluid.

lateral ventricle

one of the two ventricles located in the center of the telencephalon

third ventricle

the ventricle located in the center of the diencephalon

cerebral aqueduct

connects the third and fourth ventricles

fourth ventricle

the ventricle located between the cerebellum and the dorsal pons, in the center of the metencephalon

central canal of spinal cord

center of spinal cord which contains cerebrospinal fluid

continuous with 4th ventricle

Drainage of CSF

into dural sinuses via arachnoid granulations

spinal cord

exits via foramen magnum

contained in ventral foramen of vertebrae and ends at the cons medullar is (L2)

Cons medullaris

terminal end of spinal cord

cervical and lumbar enlargements

sites where nerves serving the upper and lower limbs emerge

Cervical- upper limbs

Lumbar-Lower limbs

cauda equina

collection of spinal nerves below the end of the spinal cord- extends from cons medullaris

film terminale

posterior anchor to coccyx-fibrous connective tissue secures cons medullaris

denticulate ligaments

delicate shelves of pia mater; attach the spinal cord to the vertebrae

differences between brain and spinal cord

dura mater is only one layer in spinal cord- it has no granulations for drainage

the spinal cord has an epidural space that has adipose tissue and blood vessels

anterior median fissure and posterior median sulcus

fissures and sulcus in spinal cord to tell front from back

spinal meninges

epidural space, dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

CSF spinal cord

central canal in center of spinal cord

subarachnoid space found between arachnoid mater and pia mater

gray matter of spinal cord: horns

dorsal (posterior) horn

Ventral (anterior) horn

lateral horn

butterfly shape internal gray matter

Gray Comissure of Spinal Cord

middle portion of butterfly of gray matter

root of spinal cord

where a nerve root attaches to spinal cord

root ganglion

enlarged section of posterior spinal nerve root that contains cell bodies of sensory neurons

white matter columns (funiliculi)

ascending (sensory) and descending (motor tracts)

dorsal funiculus

ventral funiculus

lateral funiculus

I olfactory

Sensory, smell

II Optic

sensory, vision

III Oculomotor

motor, eyelid, eyeball movement, pupil contraction

IV Trochlear

motor eye movement

V Trigeminal

mixed, sensory for face, motor for chewing

VI Abducens

motor; lateral movement of eye

VII Facial

mixed, taste, facial expression, tears, saliva

VIII Vestibulocochlear

Sensory: hearing and equilibrium

IX Glossopharyngeal

mixed, taste, swallow, saliva glands, respiration, blood pressure

X Vagus

mixed, cardiac and smooth muscle tissue

XI Accessory

motor: sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles

XII Hypoglossal

motor, tongue movement