Unit 3: Human Population Dynamics

A comprehensive set of flashcards covering key vocabulary terms and definitions related to human population dynamics.

Demography

The statistical study of human populations, especially with reference to their size, density, distribution, fertility, mortality, and migration.

Demographer

A person who studies the characteristics of human populations and their changes.

Immigration

The movement of individuals into a country or area to take up permanent residence.

Emigration

The departure of people from a country or area to permanently settle elsewhere.

Crude birth rate (CBR)

The total number of live births per 1,000 people in a population per year.

Crude death rate (CDR)

The total number of deaths per 1,000 people in a population per year.

Net migration rate

The difference between the number of people entering and leaving a country or area per 1,000 people in a year.

Life expectancy

The average number of years an individual is projected to live, based on current age-specific mortality rates.

Infant mortality

The number of children who die before reaching one year of age per 1,000 live births.

Child mortality

The number of children who die before reaching the age of five per 1,000 live births.

Environmental justice

The fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people, regardless of race, color, national origin, or income, with respect to the development, implementation, and enforcement of laws, regulations, and policies.

Age structure diagram

A graphical illustration that shows the distribution of various age groups in a group of people, typically separated by gender.

Population pyramid

The characteristic visual representation of the age and sex distribution of a group of people.

Developing countries

Nations with low levels of industrialization, low average income, and high levels of poverty.

Developed countries

Nations with high levels of industrialization, high average income, and high standards of living.

Population momentum

The continued growth of a group after the overall fertility rate has dropped to replacement level.

Total fertility rate (TFR)

The average number of children a woman is projected to have over her lifetime.

Family planning

The practice of controlling the number of children in a family and the intervals between their births.

Replacement-level fertility

The average number of children per woman needed for a group to replace itself exactly.

Doubling time

The number of years required for a group of people to reach twice its current size.

Rule of 70

A mathematical shortcut used to estimate the number of years it will take for a quantity growing at a constant annual percentage rate to double.

Theory of demographic transition

A model describing how nations typically move from a state of high birth and death rates to a state of low birth and death rates as they industrialize.

IPAT equation

A conceptual formula that describes the total environmental impact of human activity as a product of three factors: number of people, affluence, and technology.

Malthusian Theory

The idea that human numbers tend to increase exponentially, while food production increases linearly.

Ecological Footprint

A measure of the total area of land and water ecosystems required to produce the resources a person consumes and to assimilate the waste that person generates.

Overshoot Day

The calculated calendar date when humanity's demand for ecological resources exceeds what the Earth can regenerate.

Affluence

A high degree of wealth, material well-being, and consumption level among a group of people.