Bio Psych Exam 2

True or False: Osmotic thirst and hypovolemic thirst both require anterior (preoptic area) of hypothalamus and vasopressin.

True

Which of the following is correct regarding the dual center hypothesis of feeding behaviors?

All of the above are correct

What is the problem with “grabbing a Snickers bar” when you are hungry?

The resulting high sugar intake may reduce sensitivity to insulin

We know that leptin is involved in long term satiety because:

All of the above are correct

True or False: Without zeitgeber stimuli like light, our circadian rhythm maintains an approximate 24hr cycle but shifts a few hours each day.

True

True or False: Suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons along the retinohypothalamic pathway entrained by light as oscillators to drive other biorhythm cell activity

True

True or False: Caffeine consumption has no effect on the cortisol awakening response

False

Consider the role of the dorsal and ventral pathways in the control of waking. Why is the ventral pathway involved in awareness?

The ventral path involves acetylcholine signals from basal forebrain projecting to the cortex, which produces beta wave signals during arousal/alertness even during immobilization

Some neuroscientist believe that dreams are a mechanism for replaying and integrating memories from the day into existing memory structures. This view is described in the:

sequential hypothesis

True or False: The threat stimulation theory of dreams states that we remember threatening images from our dreams in order to enhance our ability to combat such threats in waking life.

True

True or False: we define sex as purely biological term based on genetics and sex organ composition

True

True or false: Development of adult gender identity is purely due to your biological sex (chromosome pairs)

False

True or false: all humans begin in utero as biologically male until anti-mullerian hormone is produced around 8 weeks gestation

False

True or False: Removing gonadal hormones (estrogen/testosterone) does not stop the majority of succesful copulatory behaviors (lordosis/mounting) as copulation largely occurs due to other neural control mechanisms

False

True or false: Hypothalamus appears to control motivation of sexual behavior, whereas amygdala appears to control specifically reproductive behaviors like copulation

False

We know that the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is involved in gender identity because:

activity increases when a person views a body type matching their gender identity and not their biological sex (assigned sex at birth)

Which of the following correctly describes Schachter’s theory of emotion?

emotions are the result of cognitive interpretation of autonomic response and context of the stimulus

If every time you turn off the lights at home, you receive a shock and it makes you jump, you will quickly learn that lights off means shock. Now everytime someone else turns off the room lights you freeze waiting for that shock. That conditioned fear response is primarily processed by:

amygdala

Which of the following correctly describes the function of rat ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) as we discussed in class?

USVs are putative evolutionary older equivalent to both laughter and crying, which means these vocalizations may indicate emotions like happiness and anxiety.

Pharmacokinetics generally concerns:

How a drug gets to its target

The tendency of a ligand to bind to a receptor, or potency, refers to:

Affinity

The tendency of a ligand to activate a receptor refers to:

Efficacy

True or False (circle one): Glutamate is our primary inhibitory neurotransmitter, while GABA is our primary excitatory neurotransmitter.

True

True or False (circle one): It is important to understand pharmacodynamic properties of exogenous ligands because they can impact a single receptor in cumulative ways, e.g., the cumulative effect of alcohol and benzodiazepines on the GABAA receptor to produce sedation.

True

How does a coffee nap work?

Sleep clears out adenosine, so drinking coffee just before a 20-minute nap loads the brain with caffeine to antagonize adenosine receptors

Which of the following is correct regarding peripheral hunger and satiety signals?

All of the above

True or False: drives describe the behavioral direction, i.e. degree of behavioral change, to satisfy a need, while motivation refers to the imbalance that needs satisfied.

False

True or False: homeostasis means physiological equilibrium

True

Stimuli that regulate biorhythms, such as light exposure, are referred to as:

zeitgebers

True or False: Cortisol peaks during the evening and is responsible for the onset of sleepiness to prepare you for sleep.

False

Why is the dorsal pathway involved in general arousal?

The dorsal path involves serotonin signals from the median raphe projecting to cortex which produce beta wave signals during purposeful (exploratory) movement

Some neuroscientist believe that dreams are just cortex integrating random signals with memories to make sense of otherwise meaningless signals. This view is described in the:

activation synthesis model