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Carbonate
add dilute acid. if carbonate produces carbon dioxide, effervescence
Chloride (in solution)
acidify with dilute nitric acid, then add aq silver nitrate. if chloride present = white ppt.
Bromide (in solution)
acidify with dilute nitric acid, then add aq silver nitrate. if bromide present = cream ppt.
Iodide (in solution)
acidify with dilute nitric acid, then add aq silver nitrate. if iodide present = yellow ppt.
Nitrate (in solution)
add aq sodium hydroxide, then aluminium foil, warm carefully. if nitrate, ammonia gas produced
Sulfate (in solution)
acidify with dilute nitric acid, then add aq barium nitrate. if sulfate present, white ppt formed
Sulfite (SO32-)
add a small volume of acidified aqueous potassium manganate (VII). if sulfite present, changes colour from purple to colourless