Module 7 - Intro

1. Systemic Drugs

2. Chemotherapeutic Drugs

2 Major Types of Drugs

2 Major Types of Drugs

1. Systemic Drugs

2. Chemotherapeutic Drugs

2 Major Types of _____

1. Systemic Drugs

2. Chemotherapeutic Drugs

Systemic Drugs – drugs that acts on the different system. It is a symptomatic treatment according to the clinical signs.

________ Drugs – drugs that acts on the different system. It is a symptomatic treatment according to the clinical signs.

Chemotherapeutic Drugs – drugs used to treat diseases based on the causative agents

_________ Drugs – drugs used to treat diseases based on the causative agents

Systemic Drugs – drugs that acts on the different system. It is a symptomatic treatment according to the clinical signs.

Systemic Drugs – drugs that ____ on the different ______. It is a ________ treatment according to the clinical signs.

Chemotherapeutic Drugs – drugs used to treat diseases based on the causative agents

Chemotherapeutic Drugs – drugs used to ______ diseases based on the ________ _______

1. Nervous System

2. Neuromuscular system

Two systems to be studied under systemic drugs?

1. Central Nervous System (CNS)

2. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

The Nervous System is made up of 2 basic parts:

Central Nervous System (CNS) - Components are located in the middle and are protected by bones

____________________ (____) - Components are located in the middle and are protected by bones

Central Nervous System (CNS) - Components are located in the middle and are protected by bones

Central Nervous System (CNS) - Components are located in the ______ and are protected by ______

1. Brain

2. Spinal cord

Components of the CNS

1. Cranial Nerve - from the brain

2. Spinal Nerve - from the spinal cord

3. Somatic Nervous System

4. Autonomic Nervous System
   

Peripheral nervous system are composed of the following

Somatic Nervous System

- Voluntary control

- Can be controlled by the brain

_________ Nervous System

- Voluntary control

- Can be controlled by the brain

Autonomic Nervous System

- Sustain hemostatic conditions within an organism

- Organized to modulate involuntary activities of the secretory glands, smooth muscles, and visceral organs.

________ Nervous System

- Sustain hemostatic conditions within an organism

- Organized to modulate involuntary activities of the secretory glands, smooth muscles, and visceral organs.

Somatic Nervous System

- Voluntary control

- Can be controlled by the brain

Somatic = Self-controlled

Somatic Nervous System

- _______ control

- Can be controlled by the _____

Autonomic Nervous System

- Sustain hemostatic conditions within an organism

- Organized to modulate involuntary activities of the secretory glands, smooth muscles, and visceral organs.

"AUTONOMIC runs on AUTOMATIC." Your body digests food, secretes sweat, and beats your heart on autopilot.

Autonomic Nervous System

- Sustain _________ conditions within an organism

- Organized to modulate ________ activities of the secretory glands, smooth muscles, and visceral organs.

1. Sympathetic (Fight or Flight)

2. Parasympathetic (Rest & Digest)

Sympathetic = STRESS.

Parasympathetic = PEACEFUL

Autonomic nervous system is Divided into 2 parts:

Sympathetic (Fight or Flight)

Often referred to as the thoracolumbar outflow because of the anatomic origin.

Sympathetic (Fight or Flight) - Often referred to as the thoracolumbar outflow because of the anatomic origin

Sympathetic (Fight or Flight) - Often referred to as the ________ outflow because of the _______ origin

Sympathetic (Fight or Flight)

Sympathetic post ganglionic ganglia are long since most sympathetic ganglia are located close proximity to the spinal cord

Sympathetic (Fight or Flight)

_________ ____ _______ ganglia are long since most sympathetic ganglia are located close proximity to the spinal cord

Sympathetic (Fight or Flight)

Sympathetic post ganglionic ganglia are long since most sympathetic ganglia are located close proximity to the spinal cord

Sympathetic (Fight or Flight)

Sympathetic post ganglionic ganglia are ____ since most sympathetic ganglia are located _____ proximity to the _____ ____

Sympathetic (Fight or Flight)

One sympathetic ganglionic neuron may be innervated by preganglionic fibers originating from several different nerve body.

Sympathetic (Fight or Flight)

One sympathetic ganglionic neuron may be innervated by preganglionic ______ originating from several different ______ _____.

Parasympathetic (Rest & Digest)

• Often referred to as the craniosacral outflow because tracts originate from the midbrain, medulla oblongata, and sacral spinal cord.

• Post-ganglionic parasympathetic fibers are usually quite short because the ganglia are located within innervated organs

• It usually effects specific effector system individually.

__________ (Rest & Digest)

• Often referred to as the craniosacral outflow because tracts originate from the midbrain, medulla oblongata, and sacral spinal cord.

• Post-ganglionic parasympathetic fibers are usually quite short because the ganglia are located within innervated organs

• It usually effects specific effector system individually.

Parasympathetic (Rest & Digest)

• Often referred to as the craniosacral outflow because tracts originate from the midbrain, medulla oblongata, and sacral spinal cord.

• Post-ganglionic parasympathetic fibers are usually quite short because the ganglia are located within innervated organs

• It usually effects specific effector system individually.

Parasympathetic (Rest & Digest)

• Often referred to as the ________ ______ because tracts originate from the _______, _______ ______, and ______ spinal cord.

• Post-ganglionic parasympathetic fibers are usually quite ____ because the ganglia are located _____ innervated organs

• It usually effects specific effector system _______.

Parasympathetic (Rest & Digest)

• Often referred to as the craniosacral outflow because tracts originate from the midbrain, medulla oblongata, and sacral spinal cord.

• Post-ganglionic parasympathetic fibers are usually quite short because the ganglia are located within innervated organs

• It usually effects specific effector system individually.

Parasympathetic (Rest & Digest)

• Often referred to as the craniosacral outflow because tracts originate from the midbrain, medulla oblongata, and sacral spinal cord.

• _____-____________ _______ _____ are usually quite short because the ganglia are located within _______ organs

• It usually effects specific _________ ________ individually.

Adrenal Medulla is an extremely important component of the sympathetic nervous system

_______ ________ is an extremely important component of the sympathetic nervous system

Vagus Nerve

considered to be the most important parasympathetic nerve trunk

Vagus Nerve is the considered to be the most important parasympathetic nerve trunk. Arises from medulla oblongata and send efferent fibers to all thoracic and abdominal viscera from caudal Pharyngeal region to the cranial portions of the large colon.

Vagus Nerve is the considered to be the most important _____________ nerve trunk. Arises from _______ ________ and send _______ fibers to all thoracic and abdominal viscera from caudal Pharyngeal region to the cranial portions of the large colon.

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic outflow tracts comprise preganglionic neurons and postganglionic neurons

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic ______ tracts comprise _______ neurons and ________- neurons

The cell body of a preganglionic neuron is located within the Central Nervous System

The ____ _____ of a ___________ neuron is located within the Central Nervous System

The cell body of a preganglionic neuron is located within the Central Nervous System

The cell body of a _________ neuron is located within the _______ Nervous System

The synapse (junction) of a preganglionic axon with a postganglionic neuronal body occurs outside the CNS within an autonomic ganglion.

The ________ (_____) of a preganglionic axon with a postganglionic neuronal body occurs ______ the CNS within an autonomic ganglion.

The synapse (junction) of a preganglionic axon with a postganglionic neuronal body occurs outside the CNS within an autonomic ganglion.

The _______ (junction) of a ________ axon with a postganglionic _______ ____ occurs outside the CNS within an _______ ganglion.

Autonomic Ganglia are specialized nodular structures comprising numerous neuronal bodies.

__________ _____ are specialized nodular structures comprising numerous neuronal bodies.

Autonomic Ganglia are specialized nodular structures comprising numerous neuronal bodies.

Autonomic Ganglia are specialized _______ structures comprising numerous _______ _____.

Axon of a ganglionic cell passes peripherally and innervates its effector organ or organ substructures

______ of a _______ _____ passes peripherally and innervates its effector organ or organ substructures

Axon of a ganglionic cell passes peripherally and innervates its effector organ or organ substructures

Axon of a ganglionic cell passes ______ and ________ its ______ organ or organ _______

The junction of postganglionic axonal terminal with its effector cell is termed a Neuroeffector junction.

The junction of postganglionic axonal terminal with its effector cell is termed a ___________ ________.

The junction of postganglionic axonal terminal with its effector cell is termed a Neuroeffector junction.

The junction of ________ ______ terminal with its _______ cell is termed a Neuroeffector junction.

Parts of Neuron

The functional part or the smallest part of the nervous system is the Neuron

The functional part or the smallest part of the nervous system is the _______

The functional part or the smallest part of the nervous system is the Neuron

The functional part or the ________ part of the nervous system is the Neuron

1. Cyton/Cell Body

2. Dendrites

3. Axon

Parts of Neurons:

Synapse is the space between neurons

________ is the space between neurons

Information is communicated from nerve to nerve and from nerve to the effector organ by a process termed Neurohumoral Transmission

Information is communicated from nerve to nerve and from nerve to the effector organ by a process termed ___________ __________

Information is communicated from nerve to nerve and from nerve to the effector organ by a process termed Neurohumoral Transmission

__________ is communicated from _____ to ______ and from nerve to the effector ______ by a process termed Neurohumoral Transmission

Information is communicated from nerve to nerve and from nerve to the effector organ by a process termed Neurohumoral Transmission, it involves the release from a terminal of a chemical (neurotransmitter substance), which then reacts with specialized receptor areas in the innervated cel

Information is communicated from nerve to nerve and from nerve to the effector organ by a process termed Neurohumoral Transmission, it involves the ______ from a terminal of a _______ (neurotransmitter substance), which then reacts with specialized ______ areas in the ______ cell

1. Acetylcholine

2. Norepinephrine

The 2 basic neurotransmitters are

Acetylcholine - coming from the parasympathetic or the craniosacral part

___________ - coming from the parasympathetic or the craniosacral part

Acetylcholine - coming from the parasympathetic or the craniosacral part

Acetylcholine - coming from the ___________ or the ________ part

Norepinephrine – coming from the sympathetic or the thoracolumbar part.

Norepinephrine – coming from the _______ or the ________ part.

Cholinergic Nerves – nerves the release Ach.

__________ Nerves – nerves that release Ach.

Adrenergic Nerves – nerves the release Norepinephrine.

_________ Nerves – nerves the release Norepinephrine.

Adrenergic Nerves – nerves the release Norepinephrine.

Adrenergic Nerves – nerves the release ___________.

Noradrenergic – used to designate neurons that releases Norepinephrine and Epinephrine respectively, especially when the CNS is considered.

___________ – used to designate neurons that releases Norepinephrine and Epinephrine respectively, especially when the CNS is considered.

Noradrenergic – used to designate neurons that releases Norepinephrine and Epinephrine respectively, especially when the CNS is considered.

Noradrenergic – used to designate neurons that releases ___________ and ________ respectively, especially when the ____ is considered.

Cholinergic Nerve of the Sympathetic Outflow releases ACh in the preganglionic nerve while Adrenergic nerve releases norepinephrine in the postganglionic nerve.

__________ Nerve of the _________ Outflow releases ACh in the preganglionic nerve while Adrenergic nerve releases norepinephrine in the postganglionic nerve.

Cholinergic nerve of the Parasympathetic Outflow releases ACh in both pre and postganglionic nerve.

_________ nerve of the ____________ Outflow releases ACh in both pre and postganglionic nerve.

Cholinergic Nerve of the Sympathetic Outflow releases ACh in the preganglionic nerve while Adrenergic nerve releases norepinephrine in the postganglionic nerve.

Cholinergic Nerve of the Sympathetic Outflow releases ____ in the ______ nerve while Adrenergic nerve releases ________ in the _______ nerve.

Cholinergic nerve of the Parasympathetic Outflow releases ACh in both pre and postganglionic nerve.

Cholinergic nerve of the Parasympathetic Outflow releases ____ in both pre and __________ nerve.

1. Acetylcholine (Ach) must bind with the Nicotinic (N) Acetylcholine Receptor or Epinephrine Muscarinic (M) Acetylcholine Receptor.

2. Norepinephrine (NE) must bind with the Alpha (α) and Beta (β) Norepinephrine receptor.

Neurotransmitter – Receptor Binding Rule

Acetylcholine (Ach) must bind with the Nicotinic (N) Acetylcholine Receptor or Epinephrine Muscarinic (M) Acetylcholine Receptor.

• Parasympathetic

• When Acetylcholine binds with Nicotinic Receptor it will produce excitation to the organ (esp. the heart.)

• When Ach binds with Muscarinic Receptor it will inhibit the organ (esp. the heart) but will produce excitation in the GIT.

Acetylcholine (Ach) must bind with the Nicotinic (N) Acetylcholine Receptor or Epinephrine Muscarinic (M) Acetylcholine Receptor.

• ___________

• When Acetylcholine binds with Nicotinic Receptor it will produce _______ to the organ (esp. the _____.)

• When Ach binds with Muscarinic Receptor it will _____ the ______ (esp. the heart) but will produce ______ in the ____.

Norepinephrine (NE) must bind with the Alpha (α) and Beta (β) Norepinephrine receptor.

- Sympathetic

- When Norepinephrine binds with the Alpha (α) receptor it will produce excitation to the organ.

- When Norepinephrine binds with the Beta (β) it will produce inhibition to the organ.

Norepinephrine (NE) must bind with the Alpha (α) and Beta (β) Norepinephrine receptor.

- ________

- When Norepinephrine binds with the _____ receptor it will produce _______ to the organ.

- When Norepinephrine binds with the _____ it will produce ________ to the organ.

1. Ach bind with Nicotinic receptor = excitation to organ while when it binds with muscarinic receptor = inhibit the organ but excites the GIT

2. NE bind with alpha and beta NE receptor. alpha = excitation to organ; beta=inhibition to organ

Differentiate Neurotransmitter – Receptor Binding Rule

NE alphas

• α1 is located in the dendrites, which receive the message that is why it is post-synaptic synapse, it is found in vascular smooth muscle.

• α2 is located in the axon, pre-synaptic synapse, found in brain and periphery

NE alphas

• __ is located in the dendrites, which receive the message that is why it is post-synaptic synapse, it is found in vascular smooth muscle.

• __ is located in the axon, pre-synaptic synapse, found in brain and periphery

NE alphas

• α1 is located in the dendrites, which receive the message that is why it is post-synaptic synapse, it is found in vascular smooth muscle.

• α2 is located in the axon, pre-synaptic synapse, found in brain and periphery

NE alpha receptors

• α1 is located in the _______, which receive the ______ that is why it is ____-____ _____, it is found in ________ smooth muscle.

• α2 is located in the ____, ___-_____ _______, found in _____ and _______

NE beta receptors

• β1 excitation / stimulate the heart or blood vessel (exception to the rule).

• β2 inhibition / dilation of bronchioles in the lungs.

NE beta receptors

• __ excitation / stimulate the heart or blood vessel (exception to the rule).

• __ inhibition / dilation of bronchioles in the lungs.

NE beta receptors

• β1 excitation / stimulate the heart or blood vessel (exception to the rule).

• β2 inhibition / dilation of bronchioles in the lungs.

NE beta receptors

• β1 ________ / stimulate the ____ or _____ ______ (exception to the rule).

• β2 ________ / ______ of ______ in the lungs.