Cell Structure and Function Terms (TEAS 7 Study Set)

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40 Terms

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mitosis

cell division in eukaryotes that produces two daughter cells, each with the same chromosome number as the parent cell. [produces body cells; makes identical cells]

<p>cell division in eukaryotes that produces two daughter cells, each with the same chromosome number as the parent cell. [produces body cells; makes identical cells]</p>
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meiosis

specialized cell division is used to create haploid gametes in diploid organisms. [makes sex cells; gametes: sperm cells and egg cells]

<p>specialized cell division is used to create haploid gametes in diploid organisms. [makes sex cells; gametes: sperm cells and egg cells]</p>
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macromolecules

very large molecules, four major types of which are important to living things; carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids

<p>very large molecules, four major types of which are important to living things; carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids</p>
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carbohydrates

Sugars and starches which the body breaks down into glucose

<p>Sugars and starches which the body breaks down into glucose</p>
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proteins

molecules composed of amino acids joined by peptide bonds

<p>molecules composed of amino acids joined by peptide bonds</p>
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nucleic acids

Long molecules made of nucleotides; DNA and RNA

<p>Long molecules made of nucleotides; DNA and RNA</p>
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lipids

fats and oils

<p>fats and oils</p>
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cells with shared functions form larger collective groups called

tissues

<p>tissues</p>
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the four basics tissues are:

epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscular

<p>epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscular</p>
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lungs are an organ whose task is to

deliver oxygen to the bloodstream.

<p>deliver oxygen to the bloodstream.</p>
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the nervous system sends signals to the muscular system to

coordinate movement: together, coordinate organ systems allow an organism to function.

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Nucleus

a large organelle within the cell that houses the chromosomes and regulates the activities of the cell.

<p>a large organelle within the cell that houses the chromosomes and regulates the activities of the cell.</p>
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cell (plasma) membrane

a cell organelle that maintains its environment through the property of selective permeability; controls entry into and out of the cell

<p>a cell organelle that maintains its environment through the property of selective permeability; controls entry into and out of the cell</p>
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organelle

a specialized part of a cell that has specific functions and is found in the cell's cytoplasm organic molecule. a molecule found in a living thing that contains carbon.

<p>a specialized part of a cell that has specific functions and is found in the cell's cytoplasm organic molecule. a molecule found in a living thing that contains carbon.</p>
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mitochondrion

the site of energy production in a cell

<p>the site of energy production in a cell</p>
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Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

a cell organelle that synthesizes and concentrates lipids in the cell; does not contain ribosomes

<p>a cell organelle that synthesizes and concentrates lipids in the cell; does not contain ribosomes</p>
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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

a cell organelle containing ribosomes that synthesizes proteins in the cell.

<p>a cell organelle containing ribosomes that synthesizes proteins in the cell.</p>
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Golgi apparatus

a cell organelle that processes proteins and lipid molecules

<p>a cell organelle that processes proteins and lipid molecules</p>
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Molecule

an arrangement of two or more atoms bonded together

<p>an arrangement of two or more atoms bonded together</p>
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lysosome

a cell organelle that aids in digestion and the recycling of old cell materials

<p>a cell organelle that aids in digestion and the recycling of old cell materials</p>
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Ribosomes

a protein-RNA complex that is the site of protein synthesis

<p>a protein-RNA complex that is the site of protein synthesis</p>
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the cell is a building block of

all living organisms

<p>all living organisms</p>
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skeletal muscle cells contains high number of

mitochondria because of the energy needed for movement.

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Interphase

the stage in mitosis or meiosis in which [DNA replicates; growing]

<p>the stage in mitosis or meiosis in which [DNA replicates; growing]</p>
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prophase

the state in mitosis in which chromosomes condense in preparation for being pulled apart. [condense and visible chromosomes appear]

<p>the state in mitosis in which chromosomes condense in preparation for being pulled apart. [condense and visible chromosomes appear]</p>
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chromosomes

a structure made of proteins and one molecule of DNA that contains genetic information

<p>a structure made of proteins and one molecule of DNA that contains genetic information</p>
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metaphase

the stage in mitosis in which chromosomes align. [chromosomes line up in the middle of cell]

<p>the stage in mitosis in which chromosomes align. [chromosomes line up in the middle of cell]</p>
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anaphase

the stage in mitosis in which the [chromosomes are pulled apart to the poles and cell division begins]

<p>the stage in mitosis in which the [chromosomes are pulled apart to the poles and cell division begins]</p>
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telophase

the stage in mitosis in which [two nuclei form and the daughter cell separates.]

<p>the stage in mitosis in which [two nuclei form and the daughter cell separates.]</p>
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vacuole

a cell organelle that serves as storage for a variety of substances, including water, toxins and carbohydrates

<p>a cell organelle that serves as storage for a variety of substances, including water, toxins and carbohydrates</p>
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gamete

sex cell; in males the sperm, in females the eggs.

<p>sex cell; in males the sperm, in females the eggs.</p>
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Prophase I [Meiosis]

the stage in meiosis I in which chromosomes condense and form homologous pairs. [homologous pairs and cross over]

<p>the stage in meiosis I in which chromosomes condense and form homologous pairs. [homologous pairs and cross over]</p>
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Metaphase I [Meiosis]

the stage in meiosis I in which [pairs of homologous chromosomes align in the middle]

<p>the stage in meiosis I in which [pairs of homologous chromosomes align in the middle]</p>
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Anaphase I [Meiosis]

the stage in meiosis I in which homologous chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell. [one chromosomes from each homologous pair is pulled towards each pole]

<p>the stage in meiosis I in which homologous chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell. [one chromosomes from each homologous pair is pulled towards each pole]</p>
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Telophase I [Meiosis]

the stage in meiosis I in which nuclear membranes form as the cell separates into two haploid daughter cells with chromosomes consisting of two sister chromatids. [nuclear membranes form as the cell separates into two]

<p>the stage in meiosis I in which nuclear membranes form as the cell separates into two haploid daughter cells with chromosomes consisting of two sister chromatids. [nuclear membranes form as the cell separates into two]</p>
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prophase II

the stage in meiosis II in which chromosomes in the haploid daughter cells condense. [daughter cells contain half the chromosomes of the original cell]

<p>the stage in meiosis II in which chromosomes in the haploid daughter cells condense. [daughter cells contain half the chromosomes of the original cell]</p>
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metaphase II

the stage in meiosis II in which individual [chromosomes align in the middle; not in pairs like prophase I]

<p>the stage in meiosis II in which individual [chromosomes align in the middle; not in pairs like prophase I]</p>
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anaphase II

the stage in meiosis in which [sister chromatids separate and move to opposite ends of the cells]

<p>the stage in meiosis in which [sister chromatids separate and move to opposite ends of the cells]</p>
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chromatid

one of the two duplicates of a chromosome formed during the cell cycle

<p>one of the two duplicates of a chromosome formed during the cell cycle</p>
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telophase II

the stage in meiosis II in which nuclear membranes form as the two daughter cells from meiosis I separate into four haploid daughter cells with chromosomes consisting of a single cell. [nuclear membranes form as the two cells separate into four haploid daughter cells]

<p>the stage in meiosis II in which nuclear membranes form as the two daughter cells from meiosis I separate into four haploid daughter cells with chromosomes consisting of a single cell. [nuclear membranes form as the two cells separate into four haploid daughter cells]</p>