Child growth and Development Midterm Review

development

a gradual process through which babies become adults.

child development

the scientific study of children from conception to adolescence

character

the principles and beliefs that guide one's conduct in Define one's personality end behavior

environment

all the conditions and situations that surround and affect a child

types of needs

physical, security, love and acceptance, esteem, self-actualization

genes

sections of DNA molecule found in a person's cells at determine the individual traits the person will have

genetics

the study of the factors involved in passing of traits from one generation of living beings to the next

heredity

all the traits that are passed to the child from blood relatives

brain cell

neurons, axons, dendrites, synapse

individual life cycle

prenatal, neonatal, infancy, toddler, preschool, school age

axon

a longer heavier cable that sends signals

dendrite

shorter bushy cables that receive signals

synapse

a tiny gap between neurons and dendrites

brain plasticity

the ability to be shaped and reshaped

principals of growth and development

patterns in the way people generally grow and develop

wiring

network of fibers in the brain

teachable moment

a time when a person can learn a new task

window of opportunity

prime period in a child's life or developing particular skills

types of observations

direct and indirect

pruning

the process of weeding out unused pathways in the brain

types of adoptions

adopted agencies and independent adoptions

types of families

nuclear, single-parent, extended, step families, or foster/ adoption families

types of discipline

power assertion, love withdrawal, induction

power assertion

when parents use or threaten to use some form of physical punishment or deny privileges.

love withdrawal

a discipline technique where parents threaten children or suggest some form of parent/child separation

induction

when parents discipline by reasoning and explaining.

joint custody

shared legal right to provide care and make legal right to provide care and make decisions about their children's lives.

guidance

words and actions parents use to influence their child's behavior.

parenting styles

authoritarian, democratic, permissive

authoritarian

parenting style where the main objective is to make children completely obedient.

democratic

parenting style in which parents set some rules, but allow children some freedom.

permissive

parent who gives the child almost no guidelines or rules.

multicultural family

two or more cultural groups are represented

birth control methods

a method to help them delay having children until they decide to conceive

assisted reproductive technology (ART)

methods to help infertile couples conceive

artificial insemination

when the sperm is introduced into the vagina or uterus by a medical procedure rather than by sexual relation

in vitro fertilization (IVF)

when some of the mother's eggs are surgically removed and fertilized with sperm in a laboratory dish

gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT)

when a mixture of sperm and eggs are placed in the woman's fallopian tubes where fertilization can occur

family medical leave act

a law that protects the rights of many women and men to take unpaid maternity and paternity leave

fertility counseling

determining reasons for fertility problems and exploring treatment option

indirect costs

resources parents use to meet child-related costs that could have been used to meet other goals

forgone income

the potential income lost by not being in the workforce

direct costs

costs relating directly to the child

family planning

when a couple decides how many children they want and when to have them

infertile

couples who can't conceive within a year

sterile

a couple who can't have kids because both partners cant conceive

maternity leave

the time mothers take off work for the birth or adoption of a child

paternity leave

time off for a set period after a child's birth or adoption for a father

amnion

fluid-filled sac that surrounds the baby in the uterus

chorion

membrane that surrounds the baby in the uterus

placenta

organ filled with blood vessels that nourish the baby in the uterus

fallopian tubes

two hollow tubes that connect to the uterus and have finger like projections that reach toward each ovary

uterus

organ where the baby develops and is protected until birth

umbilical cord

cord that connects the baby to the placenta

germ cells

reproductive cells

ovum

female sex cell

sperm

male sex cell

types of twins

fraternal, identical, conjoined

chromosomes

threadlike structures that carry genes in living cells

dominant trait

traits that always show in a person even if only one gene of the pair is inherited for that trait

recessive trait

traits that typically do not show in a person unless both genes for the trait are inherited

genetic factors

traits that are passed through the genes

conception

joining of the ovum and sperm cells

prenatal stages

germinal, embryonic, fetal

germinal stage

first stage of prenatal development, lasting about two weeks after conception

embryonic stage

second stage of prenatal development, lasting about six weeks

fetal stage

the third stage of pregnancy, lasting from about nine weeks after conception until birth

zygote

single cell formed at conception

embryo

a medical term used to describe the unborn baby in the embryonic stage of development (week 3 through 8 of pregnancy)

fetus

a medical term used to describe the unborn baby in the fetal stage of development

quickening

movements of the fetus that can be felt by the mother

age of viability

the age at which most babies could survive if they were born (28th week of pregnancy)

environmental factors

factors caused by a person's surroundings

premature

babies who are born too soon

low birth weight

babies who weigh less than 5 and a half pounds at birth

Rh factor

protein substance found in the red blood cells, only causes problems if father is Rh+ and mother is Rh-

diabetes

a disorder caused by the body's inability to use sugar properly

pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH)

high blood pressure caused by pregnancy

fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

a group of symptoms that appears in infants whose mother drank during pregnancy

congenial problem

physical or biochemical problem that is present at birth and may be caused by genetic or environmental factors

preterm birth

a delivery that occurs before 37 weeks of pregnancy

miscarriage

loss of fetus before week 20 of pregnancy

stillbirth

loss of a fetus after 20 weeks of pregnancy

ultrasound

prenatal test in which sound waves bounce off the fetus to produce an image of the fetus inside the womb

chorionic villus sampling (CVS)

prenatal procedure for finding abnormalities in the unborn by testing a small sample of the chorion

amniocentesis

prenatal test in which a needle is inserted through the woman's abdomen into the amniotic sac and a sample of the fluid is removed for cell study

episotomy

Incision made to widen the birth canal and prevent tearing

certified nurse midwife

nurses who have special training in delivering babies during normal pregnancies

obstetrician

a doctor who specializes in pregnancy, labor, and delivery

complications during pregnancy

premature delivery, prolonged delivery, asphyxia, meconium aspiration, postpartum bleeding, etc.

vacuum extraction

techniques that use suction to help the doctor move the baby down the birth canal as the mother pushes

stages of labor

stage one- dilation of the cervix
stage two- delivery of the baby
stage three- delivery of the placenta

forceps

curved instrument that fits around the sides

bonding

developing a feeling of affection between baby and mother

natural childbirth

delivery method in which the pregnant woman learns about the birthing process and uses breathing and relaxation techniques to reduce the fear of pain

lamaze method

Delivery method in which the pregnant woman is trained to use breathing patterns to keep her mind off the pain

cesarean section

delivery method in which the mother's abdomen and uterus are surgically opened and the baby is removed

breech birth position

buttocks first position in which some babies enter the birth canal

baby blues

mild postpartum mood disorder that goes away on its own

postpartum depression (PPD)

less frequent, but serious form of depression that may occur after giving birth