Science Section 4 - Migratory Behavior

What does the term migration refer to

the act of animals moving from one region to another

What does the broad definition of migration include

species that make one great journey in their lifetime to breed as well as animals that only travel during specific seasons or that travel multiple times a year

What is a core component of migration

animal must move to a new habitat as part of its life cycle or as an annual act where the animal eventually returns to its starting location

Wildebeests in Africa engage in seasonal migrations to do what

find better pasture grazing sites and water access

Following the new grass growth during the rains, where do wildebeests in Africa travel to at what season and don't return until which other season

north in spring; winter

Before migration begins, animals, especially which animals might experience a sudden increase in what

birds; restless movement

Which borrowed German word describes the restlessness migratory animals experience when their biological clock indicates they need to migrate.

Zugunruhe

What does the borrowed German word Zugunruhe describe

the restlessness migratory animals experience when their biological block indicates they need to migrate

Animals can experience Zugunruhe even they are held in ____________away from ________cues

captivity; sensory

What is dispersal

When animals leave and find a new territory further away from where they were born

Many animals disperse to avoid ___________________or increased_______________ for food and mates as the population increases

inbreeding; competition

Dispersal is not considered what kind of behavior but is another form of movement undertaken by animals at the _______________or _____________level

migratory; individual; population

Migrating animals move in __________ways and make a ________________

predictable; return journey

Migratory behavior is believed to have evolved from animals' need to move to an environment with more _______and_____________opportunities

feeding; breeding

Migration has been observed in bird species that lived over ____________years ago

250000

What two things do scientists don't know about in the context of migration

when the first animal migrations occurred and what type of animals were involved

Research suggests that migration behavior did not evolve spontaneously but came about slowly over the course of the evolution of an animal due to __________and increased_____________

climate change; competition

Migratory behavior is at least partially

genetic

True or False: Animals can migrate in captive settings with no access to the outside world

True

What part of animals will cause them to increase their movements when they sense ti is time to migrate

biological clock

Where is migration rare

near the equator

Where are abundant resources and similar temperatures on the Earth

near the equator

What species are more likely to migrate

Species that live in environments with dramatic seasonal changes

Which animals had greater fitness in the cases where the environment would have dramatic seasonal changes

ones that had evolved to move when conditions got worse

What two categories does migraotry behavior fall into

obligate migrators and facultative migrators

What are migrators that must migrate called

obligate migrators

What are migrators that can choose to migrate or not, depending on local conditions, called

facultative migrators

What environments do animals that became obligate migrators experience all along their migratory route, putting what kind of pressure on them to adapt to moving around

inhospitable; selective

What regions do many facultative migrators travel to that have favorable temperatures year-round, making migration desirable unless these regions are overcrowded

temperate

Which migrators' need to migrate is not as strong as the other's

facultative migrators'

What marker will facultative migrators only migrate to and give me examples

when a certain threshold is met, such as a lack of food or social opportunities,

What animals' migration helped shape the migration of humans;

large terrestrial species such as wildebeest

Prior to the domestication of _________and________, humans followed their food source

plants; animals

What species' migrations were much harder to track

birds, fish and insects

Why were the migrations of birds, fish and insects harder to track

they were smaller and traveled faster than humans

In the past, humans sometimes attributed the sudden presence or absence of a species to _______causes when, in actuality, it resulted from seasonal changes

mythological

Who believed that the barnacle goose spawned from gooseneck barnacles because no nests were found in Europe

Aristotle

What is the scientific name of barnacle goose

Branta leucopsis

What order are gooseneck barnacles in

Pedunculata

Where were the gooseneck barnacles traveling in truth, other than Europe, and to do what where the gooseneck barnacles traveling in truth?

further north; to breed before returning as adults to the more temperature wintering conditions of Europe

Until which century did the myth of barnacle geese being spanned from gooseneck barnacles because no nests were found in Europe persist

19th

In which century did travel to other parts of the world become faster and easier

19th

Research on migration has expanded with the advent of

modern tracking equipment

What tracking does migration research now utilize, and what kind of methods do migration researchers use

satellite; catch-and-release

How have researchers been able to plot migratory patterns of many different animal species

By recording the locations at which a tracked individual has been captured

How come migration is still a difficult topic to study

it relies on the attachment of tracking devices to an animal and on the tracked animal surviving during the entire migration

How can researchers more accurately track the routes that animals take during migration

using satellite tracking and newer, smaller tracking devices

What year was the drawing made in p.90

1188

What does the drawing in p.90 depict

how early scholars thought that the barnacle goose developed

What was the reason why people thought that barnacle geese might have spontaneously developed from something else

Eggs were never found in the region where the adults lived

Which animal was found in the same habitat and had similar colors as the barnacle geese and were similar in shape to the goose's head

Goosenekck barnacles

What did the barnacles of the gooseneck barnacles assume to be like

a fruit that produced geese

Where did the barnacle geese migrate to lay eggs and raise their young before flying back to Europe

north

How many years did the myth of the barnacle geese persist

hundreds

What is a powerful inner force that causes animals to move either alone or in groups to a new location, but there is a lot of variation in this ___________, even within populations

urge to migrate; predisposition

What do animals rely on to dictate the start of a migration, rather what else

specific conditions, rather than innate timing

Individuals who only travel a partial distance or will avoid migrating entirely is what type of migration

partial

Where is partial migration more common in than complete migration

populations;

How come partial migration is more common in populations than complete migrations

allows for some animals in the population to survive even if all the migratory animals die off during their journey

What are animals that choose not to migrate even if other members of their species migrate of it they themselves have migrated in the past

Residents

What are some factors that dictate if an animal will stay vs. leave for migration

age, health, current resource availability, and the weather

What migrants rely less on their instinctual behavior to decide when to move, and instead use the current conditions to decide when and where to migrate

facultative

What is the scientific name of ht American kestrel

Falco sparverius

Whether or not the American kestrel will migrate depends on what

latitude of its home range

Kestrels in which places need to travel to warmer climates to breed and continue to hunt

northern US and Canada

What probability increases the further south it lives

of the American kestrel being a year-round resident

Obligate migrators must migrate as part of their life or they will

die

Many obligate migrators move to a new habitat to have their ____or ________

young; breed

The new location of the obligate migrators may be beneficial for their young but might not have enough resource for the entire_______to survive in the long term

population

Obligate migrators have very strong genetic_______that dictate the timing of their migration

predispositions

If an individual is an obligate migrator and fails to migrate, what won't it be able to pass on, hinder its what

genetics; fitness

What is the scientific name of the arctic tern

Sterna paradisaea

What animal migrates between the North Pole and the South Pole every year and has adapted to effortlessly glide, using its lightweight body to minimize its energy expenditure

arctic tern

Most animals that migrate increase their what for additional fat storage prior to their migration

foraging

Where does the arctic tern glide on

ocean currents

True or False: Arctic terns sleep while flying by keeping parts of their brain awak

True

What is the main benefit of migration

animals cna leave an area for more opportunities to

Why do most animals migrate

to travel to a remote place to mate and raise youg

Migrating allows animals to exploit

seasonal resources

When migratory animals leave one location, what can replenish

the plant and animal life supporting them

Traveling to engage in mating or raising young has the benefit of

isolation

When laying eggs and raising chicks, birds need extra what and what in their diets

calcium and protein

How do birds get the extra calcium and protein in their diets needed for laying eggs and raising chicks

eating insects

There are more insects in what kind of climates

warmer

Migration supports large dense populations of _because the animals have continuous access to large quantities of food throughout the year compared to animals who are ___

animals; residents

Migratory animals spend less energy and time on what activity

foraging

Animal migrations are considered a form of what

social behavior

Migrations increase opportunities for

social learning

What is the scientific name of the lesser flaminco

Phoeniconaias minor

What animal migrates at night and travels in large groups in search of new food

lesser flamingo

What is the predator of the flamingos

hyena

What is the scientific name of the hyenas

Crocuta crocuta

Migration to a new habitat and serve to maximize _____________of animals during different life stages

fitness

What is the scientific name of the northern elephant seal

Mirounga angustirostris

What animal mainly spends its life out at sea in the Pacific Ocean and is very solitary

northern elephant seal

Where do the elephant seals migrate to mate and give birth on beaches

West Coast of US

True or False: After the young seals are weaned, the adult seals will return to the ocean

True

What provides the elephant seals with ample mating opportunities

migrating to the same beach

True or False: Instead of only mating with the rare elephant seal the elephant seals come across in the open ocean, they can choose a mate from many different options

True

What does migration benefit

local ecosystem