Chapter 4 Cellular Respiration and Enzymes Study Guide

Vocabulary flashcards generated from the Chapter 4 Study Guide covering cellular respiration, fermentation, and enzyme mechanisms.

Acetyl-CoA

The molecule that enters the citric acid cycle, which is made from pyruvate prior to entering the cycle.

Glycolysis

A metabolic stage that occurs in the cytoplasm.

Oxygen

The final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration.

Oxidative Phosphorylation

The step in aerobic respiration located in the inner mitochondrial membrane that uses electron carriers to create ATP and yields the most ATP.

Lactic Acid Fermentation

A metabolic pathway that occurs when oxygen is limited.

Lactic Acid Metabolism in Humans

After exercise, lactic acid is transported to the liver for metabolism.

Carbon Dioxide ($CO_2$)

A waste product produced by the citric acid cycle and a product of alcohol fermentation that makes beer carbonated.

ATP Synthase

An enzyme that uses a hydrogen ion gradient to produce ATP.

Alcohol Fermentation

A process that produces ethanol and carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) without producing oxygen.

Fermentation

A metabolic process that produces ATP without oxygen and yields less ATP than aerobic respiration.

Substrate

The reactant that an enzyme acts on.

Active Site

The region on an enzyme where the substrate binds.

Catabolism

A metabolic pathway that releases energy by breaking apart large molecules into smaller ones.

Competitive Inhibition

The control of enzyme reactions via the binding of molecules directly to the active site.

ATP Energy Storage

Energy stored in the bond between the final two phosphate groups of ATP.

NADH and FADH2

Electron carriers that store energy.

Mitochondrial Diseases

Diseases that can reduce ATP production.

Electron Transport Chain

A pathway in which electrons lose energy as they move through it.