Crop Production Lab Final

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56 Terms

1
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Corn Growth Stages

VE - Emergence

V1 - 1st leaf collar

- Growing point above soil

- Tassel and ear shoots initiated

- Seed row set

V5-7

V12-16 - Kernels/ear (size of ear)

VT - Tassel (2-3 days before sinking)

- (Pollen lives 24 hours)

- (Pollen shed 1-2 weeks)

R1 - Silking

R2 - Blister (10-14 days)

R3 - Milk (18-22 days)

R4- Dough (24-28 days)

R5 - Dent (35-42 days)

R6 - Black layer (55-65 days)

(30- 35% moisture)

2
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What is the base temperature for the growth of corn?

50

3
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At what temperature does corn growth peak?

86

4
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What is the formula used to calculate Growing Degree Days (GDD)?

GDD = (high + low) /2 - 50

5
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What are mycotoxins?

Poisons produced by particular fungi under certain environment conditions.

6
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Kinds of corn

Dent - Starch shrinks

Flint - Hard starch

Flour - Soft starch

Popcorn - Very hard, resists steam

Sweet Corn - Wrinkled, sugar

Waxy - Dull, starch quality

Pod - Primitive features

7
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What is the progressive sequence of developmental stages of corn?

tassel, silking, milk, dough, dent, black layer

8
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Yield loss from moisture stress is most serious at the _______ stage:

V12 - R1

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Mycotoxins

- Mycotoxins are produced by fungi

- Aflatoxin is a greater concern then vomitoxin in livestock feed

- Mycotoxins can result in liver damage in livestock

- Avoid rotation corn where Fusarium stalk rot o wheat scab fungi has been a problem

10
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Soybean Growth Stages

VE - Emergence

VC - Unrolled - unifoliate

V1 - First expanded trifoliate

V1-2 - N bacteria infect roots

V3-6 - Node location fist flower

R1 - First open flower

R5-6 - Maximum N fixation

R8 - Maturation - 95% pods mature color

11
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Determinate Soybean

- Vegetive growth before flowering

- All flowers same time as plant

- Seed matures same time

- Terminal leaf same size

12
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Indeterminate Soybean

- Vegetive growth continues

- Flowering continues

- Seed maturity varies

- Terminal leaf smaller

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Nitrogen Fixation

A process in which nitrogen in the atmosphere is converted into ammonium.

14
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Several factors affect the early development of soybean plants. What has the most influence on early season vegetative growth?

Temperature

15
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What percentage of the flowers that develop on soybean plants can be expected to abort or fail to form pods?

65-75

16
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Classes of Wheat

Hard Red

- Hard red winter (HRW)

--- High gluten, 12-13% protein

--- Use: all purpose flour

- Hard red spring (HRS)

--- High gluten, 14-15% protien

--- Use: bread flour

Soft Red

- Soft Red Winter

--- Low gluten, 10-12% protein

--- Use: cakes, pastries, crackers

White

- Hard White Winter (HWW)

- Soft White Winter (SWW)

--- Low gluten, 10-13% protein

--- Use: hard rolls, tortillas

Durum

- Low gluten, 15-16% protein

--- Use: pasta

17
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Wheat seed head structures

Spike, Spikelet, Glume, Lemma, Palea, Floret

18
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The spread and severity of disease is favored by what kind of weather?

cool and wet

19
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Alfalfa hay Quality

Leafiness - attached

Maturity - pre-bud -> late flower

Texture - fine stems

Color - bright green

Odor - not musty

Foreign Material - sticks, dirt

Species - discount grass, weeds

20
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Harvesting alfalfa for hay at the early bud stage rather than waiting to harvest at the mid-flower stage will

provide forage with higher digestibility

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What abbreviation represents the feed value of alfalfa hay?

RFV

22
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Total Digestible Nutrients

TDN

23
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Acid Detergent Fiber

ADF

24
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Neutral Detergent Fiber

NDF`

25
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How does autotoxicity affect alfalfa seedlings?

affects root development and cause stunted plants

26
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Autotoxicity

Alfalfa plants produce toxins that can reduce germination and growth of new alfalfa seedlings

27
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Kinds of silage

- Corn Silage

- Earlage

- Alfalfa Haylage

- Oatlage

- High moisture shelled corn silage

28
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Silage Process

Aerobic Fermentation Phase

- Sugars -> CO2, H2O, heat (respiration)

- Oxygen is depleted

Anaerobic Fermentation Phase

- Bacteria conver sugars -> lactic acid

- pH -> 4

Harvest

- Determines Quality

--- Crop Stage

--- Moisture

--- Frosted Corn -> appears dryer

--- Drought

Saftey - Silo gases

- Carbon Dioxide - odorless, colorless, heavy

- Nitrogen Dioxide - "bleach" odor, yellow/brown

Feedout Phase

- Air exposure -> mold

- Even feeding face (bunker)

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Silage Quality

Stage of Maturity

- corn, hard dough

Dry Matter

- Upright (60-65% moisture)

- Bunker (65-70% moisture)

- Bag (60-70% moisture)

Grain Content

- 50-60% energy in grain

Silage Cut

- 1/4 - 3/8 inches, "clean" cut

Color

- light brown/some green

Odor

- clean, sharp

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Carbon Dioxide

colorless, odorless, collects in lower part of silo, heavy

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Nitrogen Dioxide

brown, yellowish, has burning sensation

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Bacterial Inoculants

Putting in more bacteria

33
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Nonprotein Nitrogen

Increase crude protiens

34
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Packing and sealing silage properly is important to keep good quality silage during storage because it:

excludes oxygen

35
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What is the recommended moisture content at harvest for corn to be ensiled and stored in horizontal (bunker) silo?

65-70%

36
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High levels of nitrates in corn silage can be toxic to livestock. Which management practice will reduce the risk of high nitrates in the silage?

Increase the cutting hight and harvest on sunny days

37
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The primary function claimed for bacterial inoculants used as silage additives is to

increase fermentation rate and efficiency

38
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During the anaerobic phase, sugars are converted to ____ acid with a ____ pH.

lactic and 4

39
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Oilseed Crops

ex: Flax, Safflower, Canola, Sunflower

- Cooking oil for food (feed by-product)

- Oil characteristics (fatty acid make up) quality

40
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Pulse Crops

ex:Dry pea, Lentil, Chickpea

- Seed of legume crops for food/feed

- Legumes - compounded leaf, taproot

- High protein, high quality

- Local protein supplement crop (peas)

41
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The oil extracted from flax for use in paints called ____ oil

Linseed

42
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Which fatty acid is monounsaturated and contributes to characteristics that make it a high quality cooking oil

Oleic

43
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Soil temperature at 2 inches should be about ___ before planting soybeans.

55 degrees

44
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At indeterminate growth habit soybean ______.

continues to flower and grow vegetatively simultaneously

45
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The primary function claimed for bacterial non-protein inoculants used as silage additive is to ____.

increase fermentation rate and efficiency

46
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Autotoxicity in alfalfa production is the result of toxins from _______.

the alfalfa plant itself

47
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Which alfalfa hay harvest method has the highest field loss associated with harvesting?

Field cured hay in bale

48
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Autotoxins in corn can affect livestock by causing

liver damage

49
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What is the best quality corn silage

corn grain content contributes at least 50% of the energy

50
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What has the greatest influence on flower imitation in soybean?

Day length

51
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What is the most undesirable quality for cooking oil?

low smoke point temperature

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What fatty acid is consider the most desirable in cooling oils and food products?

Monounsaturated

53
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V-1 growth stage in soybean means the plant _____.

has first trifoliate leaf

54
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_____ increases the risk of nitrate toxicity in corn silage.

Drought

55
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Special crops like safflower and chickpea

are broadleaf crops that fit well in rotation with small grain , grass type crops

56
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Tan spot disease of wheat overwinter primarily

on where stubble residue