Englang metalanguage

preposition

a word used before to connect it to another word

Derivational morpheme

Modifies base words to have different meanings

blending

The formation of a new word by combining parts of two or more words, often resulting in a shortened or contracted form e.g Breakfast+Lunch=Brunch

acronym

first letter of a series of words and pronouncing the word in its own right (lol, anzac)

initialisms

said as a series of letters (r.a.c.v. r.s.p.c.a.)

imperatives

command

subordinating conjunctions

used to link an independent clause and a dependent clause

Acronym

Word formation process that involves words evolving as a result of using the first letter of a series of words and pronouncing it as a word in its own right.

Code-Switching

The practice of moving back and forth between languages and/or dialects in a single interaction. It is a normal and natural feature of the conversations between speakers who know the same languages.

compound sentence

These sentences structures contain at least two main/independent clauses, joined together by a coordinating conjunction.

compound-complex sentence

These sentence structures must have at least three clauses in total, with at least two main/independent clauses and at least one subordinate/dependent clause.

declarative

This sentence type functions to provide information, observations or statements.

dependent/subordinate clause

These clauses aren't able to stand alone in a sentence.

face threatening acts

Consist of any behaviour or language that challenges an individual's need for freedom and respect.

idiolect

The speech habits peculiar to a particular person.

independent/main clauses

These clauses can stand alone in a sentence.

simple sentence

These sentence structures contain a single main/independent clause.

situational context

Encompasses the... 1. Function (why the text exists) 2. Field (the main topics and themes addressed) 3. Mode (spoken, signed, written) 4. Setting (when and where the text is created) 5. Relationship between the interlocutors (close, moderate or extended social distance - solidarity - power dynamic and status) ...of a text.

critical period of language development (CPH)

a hypothesis that states that there is a vital time in a child's early life to learn language

Voiceless stops

Replacing a voiced stop with a voiceless stop, "pig" may become "bik"

Voiced stops

Replacing a voiceless stop with a voiced stop

Morphology

The study of the structure of words and the different forms that they take.

Discourse

A continuous stretch of language larger than a sentence

Lexicology

The overall study of a language's vocabulary (form, behaviour, meaning of words)

Semantics

Study of the meaning of words

Phonology

The study of the sounds in language

Phonemes

Smallest unit of sound

Syntax

The study of the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences

prosodic features

used to add emphasis and to signal our specific meanings and intentions

pitch

the degree of highness or lowness in a voice

intonation

The rise and fall of a voice in speaking

stress

emphasis given to words or parts of words

Volume

How loud or soft an utterance is

lexeme

the smallest unit of meaning in language

noun

A person, place, thing, event or quality

verb

describes an action

pronoun

A word used in place of a noun to avoid repetition and refer to people, objects, or ideas.

adjective

describes a noun or pronoun

conjunction

a joining word that links words and phrases

determiner

specifies, identifies or quantifies the noun that follows it

inflectional morpheme

affixes that modify a word's grammatical function, such as tense, number, or case, without changing its basic meaning or part of speech.

free morpheme

Morphemes that can appear as individual words

bound morphemes

Morphemes that cant appear as individual words

compounding

The process of combining two or more words to create a new word with a distinct meaning e.g blue+berry

shortening

The process of creating a shorter version of a word by removing one or more syllables or sounds e.g refridgerator-fridge

contractions

Shortened forms of words created by combining two words and replacing one or more letters with an apostrophe e.g "can't" (cannot) and "won't" (will not).

sentence

subject + predicate

interrogatives

Encourages interaction

coordinating conjunctions

used to link two words, phrases, sentences of equal importance

active voice

the subject carries out the verb

Backchanneling

These responses are often phatic expressions, primarily serving a social or meta-conversational purpose, such as signifying the listener's attention, understanding, or agreement, rather than conveying significant information.

complex sentence

These sentence structures contain a single main/independent clause and one or more subordinate/dependent clauses.

exclamative

This sentence type is used to make exclamations.

hedging

A mitigating device to lessen the impact of an utterance. Can be adverbs (or discourse particles), often in combination with modal verbs.

imperative

This sentence type gives a direct order or instruction.

initialism

Word formation process that involves using the beginning letters in a sequence of words and continuing to say them as a series of letters.

interrogative

This sentence type is used when framing questions.

jargon

Language shared by those who belong to a profession, trade or some other occupational group. It serves two functions: 1. To serve as technical or specialist languages 2. To promote in-group solidarity

negative face needs

Consist of the need to be autonomous and act without imposition from others (freedom).

neologism

A newly coined word.

passive voice

In these sentences, the agent moves out of the subject position of the sentence and is replaced by the patient of the sentence.

positive face needs

Consist of the need to be liked, respected and treated as a member of a group (value).

register

Any socially defined variety of language that is appropriate for a specific situation, occupation or subject matter.

sentence fragment

Typically used in informal or casual written texts, and act as a sentence even though they aren't a complete main clause.

sociolect

A form of language used by a socioeconomic class, a profession, an age group or other social group.

Parsh

Donut

Connotation

The social and contextual meaning

Denotation

The dictionary definition of a word

Assimilation

A connected speech process where one sound becomes more like a nearby sound. e.g Handbag sounds like hanbag

Insertion

A connected speech process where an extra sound is added between two vowel sounds that resembles either /a/j/w/r, this is marked. e.g you /w/ up

Jakobson's functions

Emotive, Conative, Referential, Poetic, Phatic, Metalinguistic

Emotive function

expresses feelings

Referential function

Conveys information

Conative function

Engages the Addressee (e.g. 'Sit down!')

Phatic function

Establishes social connection, small talk

Metalinguistic function

Talks about language

Poetic function

Aesthetics of language

Subject

who or what the sentence is about

predicate

the part of a sentence, or a clause, that states something about the subject.

complement

Gives more information about the subject or object, e.g "John is sad"

adverbial

gives us info about time, place, manner, reason, e.g John ate breakfast at 8am at a cafe on mondays?

Authourial intent

What an authour intends to do or achieve with a text

Purpose of a text

The reason the text has been created

content words

words in a sentence that carry real-world meaning

function words

words that exist to perform a job, usually to convey grammatical relationships between words in a sentence

Innatism

a theory that argues that language acquisition comes about through the way a child engages with their environment

Interactionism

a theory that holds that children acquire language through imitation and reinforcement

Language Acquisition Device (LAD)

a part of a human's brain that contains the inbuilt ability to process and learn language

motherese or caretaker speech or child directed speech

speech directed toward infants and young children displays special characteristics, such as heightened pitch or exaggerated intonation

reduplication

this refers to the repetition of the whole syllable, as in 'choo-choo'

substitution

this is where the baby actually replaces one sound for another

Word classes

nouns, verbs, auxiliary verbs, modal verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, pronouns, conjunctions, determiners, interjections

Paralinguistic features

vocal effects, including whispers, laughter; non verbal, communication, including gestures, facial expressions, eye contact, creakiness, and breathiness

Semantic domain

inferences

Substitution

Where a child substitutes one sound for another, usually to avoid consonant clusters.

Reduplication

The repetition of an entire syllable, "choo choo"

Overgeneralisation

Children apply a grammatical rule too widely

Undergeneralisation

Children use a specific expression in a limited way, e.g. 'boy' for all males.

tempo

The speed or slowness of a voice

Agentless passive

The agent is not mentioned