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Atomic Size
Decreases left to right, increases top to bottom.
Nuclear Charge
Total charge from protons in the nucleus.
Electronegativity
Atom's ability to attract electrons in a bond.
Electron Configuration
Distribution of electrons among atomic orbitals.
Shorthand Electron Configuration
Uses noble gas notation for electron arrangement.
Valence Electrons
Electrons in the outermost shell available for bonding.
Ionization Energy
Energy required to remove an electron from an atom.
Orbital Box Diagram
Visual representation of electron distribution in orbitals.
Half-Filled Orbitals
Orbitals with one electron each, more stable.
Octet Rule
Atoms are stable with eight valence electrons.
Ionic Bonding
Transfer of electrons between atoms, forming ions.
Covalent Bonding
Sharing of electrons between atoms.
Principle Quantum Number (n)
Indicates the energy level of an electron.
Metallic Character
Tendency of an element to lose electrons.
Stable Electron Configuration
Configuration that minimizes energy, often octets.
Electron Shells
Layers of electrons surrounding the nucleus.
Complete Orbital Set
All orbitals in a subshell are filled.
Stable Configuration
Configuration that resists change, often filled or half-filled.
Orbital Filling Rule
Electrons fill lowest energy orbitals first.
Electrons in Orbitals
Represented by arrows in orbital box diagrams.
Electron Repulsion
Electrons repel each other due to like charges.
Complete Empty Orbital Sets
Very stable, often found in noble gases.
Energy Minimization
Electrons arrange to lower total energy.
Orbital Box Stability
Half-filled and filled orbitals are more stable.
Electron Attraction
Stronger with increased nuclear charge across a period.
Periodic Trends
Patterns in properties across the periodic table.
Valence Shell
Outer shell of electrons in an atom.
Chemical Formula
Representation of the types and numbers of atoms.
Formula Mass
Mass of one formula unit of a compound.
Molar Mass
Mass of one mole of a substance.
Mass Percent
Mass of component divided by total mass, times 100.
Lewis Structure
Diagram showing electron arrangement in molecules.
Polar Bonds
Bonds with unequal sharing of electrons.
Nonpolar Molecule
Symmetrical molecule with no net dipole moment.
Bond Strength
Energy required to break a bond between atoms.
Bond Length
Distance between the nuclei of bonded atoms.
Triple Bond
Bond involving three shared pairs of electrons.
Double Bond
Bond involving two shared pairs of electrons.
Single Bond
Bond involving one shared pair of electrons.
Resonance Structures
Multiple valid Lewis structures for a molecule.
Odd Electron Molecules
Molecules with unpaired electrons, can't form octets.
Electron Deficient Atoms
Atoms lacking sufficient electrons to complete octet.
D Orbitals
Orbitals that allow atoms to exceed octet rule.
Hydrate Salt
Compound containing water molecules in its structure.
Molecular Shape
Geometric arrangement of atoms in a molecule.
Bond Angles
Angles between bonds in a molecular structure.
Trigonal Planar
Molecular shape with three groups around central atom.
Tetrahedral
Molecular shape with four groups around central atom.
Bent Shape
Molecular shape with two bonded atoms and lone pairs.
Linear Shape
Molecular shape with two bonded atoms in a line.
