Periodic Properties and Electron Configurations Review

Atomic Size

Decreases left to right, increases top to bottom.

Nuclear Charge

Total charge from protons in the nucleus.

Electronegativity

Atom's ability to attract electrons in a bond.

Electron Configuration

Distribution of electrons among atomic orbitals.

Shorthand Electron Configuration

Uses noble gas notation for electron arrangement.

Valence Electrons

Electrons in the outermost shell available for bonding.

Ionization Energy

Energy required to remove an electron from an atom.

Orbital Box Diagram

Visual representation of electron distribution in orbitals.

Half-Filled Orbitals

Orbitals with one electron each, more stable.

Octet Rule

Atoms are stable with eight valence electrons.

Ionic Bonding

Transfer of electrons between atoms, forming ions.

Covalent Bonding

Sharing of electrons between atoms.

Principle Quantum Number (n)

Indicates the energy level of an electron.

Metallic Character

Tendency of an element to lose electrons.

Stable Electron Configuration

Configuration that minimizes energy, often octets.

Electron Shells

Layers of electrons surrounding the nucleus.

Complete Orbital Set

All orbitals in a subshell are filled.

Stable Configuration

Configuration that resists change, often filled or half-filled.

Orbital Filling Rule

Electrons fill lowest energy orbitals first.

Electrons in Orbitals

Represented by arrows in orbital box diagrams.

Electron Repulsion

Electrons repel each other due to like charges.

Complete Empty Orbital Sets

Very stable, often found in noble gases.

Energy Minimization

Electrons arrange to lower total energy.

Orbital Box Stability

Half-filled and filled orbitals are more stable.

Electron Attraction

Stronger with increased nuclear charge across a period.

Periodic Trends

Patterns in properties across the periodic table.

Valence Shell

Outer shell of electrons in an atom.

Chemical Formula

Representation of the types and numbers of atoms.

Formula Mass

Mass of one formula unit of a compound.

Molar Mass

Mass of one mole of a substance.

Mass Percent

Mass of component divided by total mass, times 100.

Lewis Structure

Diagram showing electron arrangement in molecules.

Polar Bonds

Bonds with unequal sharing of electrons.

Nonpolar Molecule

Symmetrical molecule with no net dipole moment.

Bond Strength

Energy required to break a bond between atoms.

Bond Length

Distance between the nuclei of bonded atoms.

Triple Bond

Bond involving three shared pairs of electrons.

Double Bond

Bond involving two shared pairs of electrons.

Single Bond

Bond involving one shared pair of electrons.

Resonance Structures

Multiple valid Lewis structures for a molecule.

Odd Electron Molecules

Molecules with unpaired electrons, can't form octets.

Electron Deficient Atoms

Atoms lacking sufficient electrons to complete octet.

D Orbitals

Orbitals that allow atoms to exceed octet rule.

Hydrate Salt

Compound containing water molecules in its structure.

Molecular Shape

Geometric arrangement of atoms in a molecule.

Bond Angles

Angles between bonds in a molecular structure.

Trigonal Planar

Molecular shape with three groups around central atom.

Tetrahedral

Molecular shape with four groups around central atom.

Bent Shape

Molecular shape with two bonded atoms and lone pairs.

Linear Shape

Molecular shape with two bonded atoms in a line.