Western Civilization 1001 mid term semester one
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40 Terms
History
Who: all people
What: all events
When: anytime preceding now
Where: the whole world
Why: to understand things done in past
Secondary Source
Who: American Historian Jerry Bentley("Why Study History"), historians
What: Something that reflects or discusses something else that happened earlier
When: Something that happened earlier
Where: book or article
Why: it seeks to explain a topic
Dr. Wolf example: A secondary source is something that reflects or discusses something else that happened earlier. For historians, this could be a book or article by a scholar that seeks to explain a topic. An example would be American historian Jerry Bentley’s “Why Study World History”.(or Peter Stern's "Why Study History".
Bronze Age
Who: 5 zones of power--New Kingdom Egypt, Kassites and Assyria, Minoan Crete and Mycenaean Greece, Syria and Canaan, Hittites///Club of Great Powers
What: Saw use of Bronze, palace systems, 2 main social hierarchies(rich-palace dependents, poor-free people in villages), war being glorified, trade and diplomacy between nations
When: approx. 1600/1500-1200/1100 BCE
Where: Mediterranean, Southwest Asia, Egypt
Why: One of the first examples of widespread diplomacy between nations
The Bronze Age roughly describes the time between 3000 and 1000 BCE that saw the development of improvements of metallurgy tied to the production of bronze for tools and weapon use. Bronze was an alloy for copper and it proved to be more resilient than copper alone. Civilizations like the Sumerians from Mesopotamia were able to use bronze weapons to create a large empire, conquering those who had yet to learn the technology
Fertile Crescent
Who: first food producing communities/Mesopotamians/Sumerian Kingdoms
What: 25 mile wide strip of land from Israel to Iraq that is extremely fertile and had an ideal climate for the first civilizations to form
When: first community(Catal Huyuk) in 6000 BCE
Where: Land between Israel and Iraq--Between Tigris and Euphrates river
Why: Where the earliest civilizations formed and what allowed humans to come together and settle down(stop being nomadic)
Ziggurat
Who: Ancient Mesopotamian priests, used to worship main god of that city
What: Tall temples with stair-step design
When: around 3000 BCE
Where: The city of Ur
Why: this shows population has increased because people are able to expend energy making monuments
Divination
Who: Mesopotamian priests or wise women
What: a way to discern or read the future by looking for messages imprinted in the natural world (entrails of dead animals).
When: 5300-1500 BCE
Where: Mesopotamian civilizations
Why: It was the way Mesopotamians sought to control their unpredictable world and was the first time people tried to figure out the big picture of why things happen in the world.
Ma'at
Who: Pharaohs
What: Order; the balance of maat must be kept by fighting against evil
When: Between 4000-3000 BCE, starting in Old Kingdom Egypt
Where: Egypt
Why: Egyptians wanted stability. The intermediate periods were blamed on ma'at being out of order.
Cuneiform
Who: Sumerians
What: a unique script developed in order to record the Sumerian language (wedge shaped)
When: 3200 BCE (earliest known)
Where: Mesopotamia
Why: The cuneiform writings showed examples of what was important to Mesopotamians: business transactions.
Hieroglyphics
Who: Egyptians Scribes and Priests
What: Egyptian form of writing which was complex and took years to master
When: Starting in the old kingdom around 3000-2000 BCE.
Where: Egypt
Why: Only the top class of Egypt knew it; it was monopolized by scribes and priests.
Sea Peoples
Who: Raiders that were possibly from Mycenae and Anatolia
What: rebels whose invasion was a possible cause of the collapse of the bronze age
When: around 1100 BCE
Where: could have originated from Mycenae and Anatolia, moved and raided across the mediterranean
Why: Climate change and collapse of major cities caused the sea people to have to raid others
Dr Wolf example: The “Sea Peoples” were a mysterious group of immigrants from the Mediterranean world who invaded and assimilated other civilizations around the time of the collapse of the Bronze Age in the 10th and 11th century BCE. They were disruptive in Egypt and possibly settled in Canaan. We speculate that their invasions were prompted by climate impacted scarcity.
Iron Age
Who: ex. Neo-Assyrians
What: the shift from bronze to iron which caused armies to grow larger
When: 1200-550 BCE
Where: Mediterranean
Why: led to the growth of cities, larger armies, and kingdoms.
Habiru
Who: Raiders/bandits
What: robbers/bandits forced to harsh life because of poverty
When: 1200-1100 BCE (Bronze Age Collapse)
Where: Anatolia
Why: Their raids led to the bronze age crash (aided sea peoples)
Babylonian Exile
Who: Israelites (Hebrews)
What: Deportation of israelites by NeoBabylonians
When: 597-586 BCE during the rule of King Zedekiah
Where: Babylon
Why: The exiled people maintained their cultural and religious identity. The Torah was compiled during this time. Strengthening their connection with their one and only god.
Pentateuch
Who: Hebrews
What: First 5 books of the Bible that serves as the Hebrew Bible
When: Babylonian Exile
Where: In Babylon as the Hebrews were there
Why: Most of our knowledge of the Hebrews comes from their Bible, some of which has been confirmed by archeological evidence.
Olympic Games
Who: Zeus (in honor of)
What: an athletic contest in which over 150 cities participated in including wrestling, throwing, racing, and more
When: originated 776 BCE
Where: Held in Olympia, Greece
Why: Helped create a sense of Greek unity and was prestigious. truces were required during the games
The Olympic Games were founded in 776 BCE and helped in Olympia, Greece as a tribute to the god Zeus. There was much religious and civic significance tied to Greek identity and bragging rights. Wars would even stop during the games
Tyrants
Who: Cypselus is one example of a tyrant
What: Political leaders who gained power not through election but found support in hoplites and farmers.
When: 700-400 BCE
Where: Greece
Why: Allowed hoplites more political powers and gave them a voice
Democracy
Who: Athenians
What: A government ruled by the people that has equally shared power.
When: 650 BCE (by Solon)
Where: Athens
Why: The Greeks valued everyone having a say in the government and Athens, especially, valued differing ideas and intellect.
Triremes
Who: Themistocles
What: Large ships with 3 rows of oars
When: 525-458 BCE (rule of Themistocles)
Where: Athens
Why: Gave all male citizens an obligation to defend his homeland because the poor rowed the boats so more people could be in the military.
Delian Leagues
Who: Pericles
What: an alliance centered on the island of Delos and run by Athens. Members had to give Athens money.
When: 478 BCE
Where: originally centered in Delos but later moved to Athens
Why: This was a way for Athens to further control its allies and obtain money to build things like the Parthenon
Oracle of Delphi
Who: The Oracle of Delphi
What: a "wise" woman who would give cryptic answers to questions asked by Greeks
When: Classical Greece(479-336 BCE)
Where: Delphi(Temple there)
Why: The Greeks were constantly questioning their environment/wanted answers about what was happening to them and why.
Ptolemaic Dynasty
Who: Started with Ptolemy I
What: one of the successor states of Alexander the Great
When: 323 BCE-30 CE
Where: centered in Egypt
Why: It was a mix of hellenistic and Egyptian culture. The successor state was cosmopolitan (a mix of many different types of people). It was the center of the Hellenistic world.
Koine Greek
Who: Hellens
What: A new Greek language spoken throughout the new world
When: from the 300’s BCE until the rise of the Roman Empire
Where: Greek, or Hellens
Why: it spread Greek culture and was the basis for many languages spoken now.
Epicureans
Who: Epicurus
What: A philosophical group that was open to everyone and encouraged people to avoid the world of pain by partaking in pleasures
When: 341-271 BCE
Where: Greece
Why: This gave people a way to live/ showed differentiation of social groups within ancient Greece
Stoics
Who: Zeno of Citrum
What: Believed all humans have divinity in them
When: founded in 300 BCE
Where: throughout the Roman Empire
Why: Leaders liked stoics because they just accepted the status quo, one of the 3 major philosophical groups on the quest for peace of mind
Cynics
Who: inspired by Antisthones and led by Diogenes
What: A philosophical group that believed true happiness came from the rejection of desires, they held contempt for social status, wealth, and morality.
When: 412-324 BCE
Where: Greece
Why: This gave people a way to live their life
Cosmology
Who: Aristathes
What: study of the stars
When:300’s BCE - 30 BCE
Where:Hellens
Why: was a type of early astronomy, and introduced the idea that the stars circled the earth
Struggle of Orders
Who: Patricians vs. Plebians
What: the struggle between the wealthy patricians and the less powerful plebeians
When: 500-287 BCE
Where: Rome
Why: This led to more political power for the plebeians.
Punic Wars
Who: Hannibal
What: 3 wars fought between Rome and Carthage
When: 264-146 BCE
Where: Rome and Carthage
Why: Carthage was left destroyed and Rome is now the big power in the western world.
Equestrians
Who: wealthy Plebians
What:They could afford horses
When:around the 1st century BCE
Where: Rome
Why: Equestrians were plebeians but had more influence, they could even bid on contracts for land in Roman Territories
First Triumvirate
Who: Pompey, Marcus Crassus, Gaius Julius Caesar
What: Informal alliance between these 3 men
When: in the 50’s BCE
Where: Rome
Why: Formed to make changes in Roman Republic
Second Triumvirate
Who: Marcus Lepidus, Gaius Octavian, Marc Antony
What: Alliance between these 3
When: It was formed in 43 BCE
Where: Rome
Why: Formed to give the 3 men power over the Roman Empire
Pax Romana
Who: Augustus(formerly Octavian)
What: Peace brought to Rome for over 200 years starting with the rule of Augustus
When: 27 BCE-180 CE
Where: Rome
Why: Allowed for peace and stability in Roman territory for the Roman citizens so they did not have to worry about civil war or internal conflicts
Juilio-Claudian dynasty
Who: the hereditary family starting with Augustus
What: the hereditary family starting with Augustus
When:27 BCE - 68 CE ending with the death of Nero
Where: Roman Republic
Why: It established the idea of a hereditary monarchy system.
Antoine Age
Who: elderly senator Nerva
What: a period of stable and contempt rule
When: 96-180 CE
Where: Rome
Why: influenced future emperors to adopt highly qualified successors like Nerva did (“5 good emperors”)
Romanization
Who: People living in the Provinces of Rome being affected by Romans
What: The process of assimilating people into Roman culture/society
When: Roman Empire(27 BCE-476 CE)
Where: Provinces of Rome
Why: Being a Roman citizen=status symbol in the Roman Empire because it came with more rights, most notably protection from being turned into a slave. Many people in the Provinces would try to be Roman in an attempt to get those perks or they would be forced by Romans, who believed they were superior and thought they were bringing peace to war-stricken areas.
Antonine Decree/Edict of Caracalla
Who: Caracalla
What: A decree saying that everyone who lives in the empire is a citizen
When: 212 CE
Where: Roman Empires
Why: Being a Roman citizen=status symbol. Increased immigration to the empire, decreased military enlistment. Used to be 20 years military=citizenship but now that doesn't matter. Generated more tax revenue(citizens had to pay a "citizen" tax)
Humoral Theory
Who: Galen
What: An imbalance of the 4 humors (blood, bile, and phlegm) led to disease
When: 131-201 BCE
Where: Roman Empire
Why: This was the development of early medical science
New Testament
Who: Christians
What: Collection of 27 books that make up a part of the Christian bible
When: 367 CE
Where: Roman Empire
Why: These books made up the christian bible, and led to the growth of christianity
Martyrs
Who: Paul
What: People who died for their beliefs
When: 64 CE
Where: Rome
Why: People dying make their beliefs more known
Heresy (heterodox)
Who: people who had different beliefs that orthodox christianity
What: differing belief of orthodox christianity
When: around the 300s CE
Where: Rome
Why: showed diversity in beliefs