Unit 6 bio identification

Catalysis

This function of enzymes refers to their ability to speed up chemical reactions.

Activation energy

This is the amount of energy needed for a chemical reaction to begin.

Substrate

This is the molecule, the reaction of which is catalyzed by the enzyme.

Active site

This is the area where the answer in #3 binds to the enzyme.

Catalytic site

This is the area of the enzyme that speeds up the chemical reaction.

Lock and Key model

This model states that an enzyme and its #3 are a perfect fit in terms of shape.

Induced fit model

This model states that modifications occur to #4 to allow #3 to fit into the enzyme.

Transition state

This is the intermediate state that the enzyme complex accommodates before reaching equilibrium.

metallic ions

Cofactors are usually of this identity when they are inorganic.

coenzymes

Cofactors are usually of this identity when they are organic.

DNA replication

This cellular process requires the enzymes helicase and polymerase.

Digestion

This life process involves the enzymes trypsin and pepsin.

Acetylcholinesterase

This enzyme is responsible for the breakdown of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.

Zymogen

This inactive conformation of some enzymes requires binding with a cofactor.

Specificity

This is a property of enzymes where they can only bind to particular substrate molecules.

Anabolism

This refers to the synthesis of larger molecules from smaller ones.

Catabolism

This refers to the breakdown of larger molecules to smaller ones.

Reduction

This type of reaction involves gaining electrons.

Oxidation

This type of reaction involves losing electrons.

Free radicals

These are atoms that contain unpaired electrons and can cause damage to the tissues of the body.

Citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) and Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

These are the two main processes that drive ATP synthesis during oxidative phosphorylation.

Pyruvate

This molecule is the ultimate product of glycolysis, which will enter the transition reaction before the Krebs cycle.

NADH

This molecule is reduced during glycolysis for use in the electron transport chain.

Electron transport chain

This refers to a series of the shuttling of electrons to create a gradient of energy.

Dehydrogenases

These are enzymes that play a crucial role in redox reactions.

Allosteric regulators

These are non-substrate molecules that bind to the enzyme's active site.

Phosphorylation

This process refers to the addition of phosphate groups to a substance.

Dephosphorylation

This process refers to the removal of phosphate groups.

Inhibitors

These substances have the ability to reduce or stop enzyme activity.

Denaturation

This process refers to the unfolding of proteins, which may occur at high temperatures or very high acidity levels.

Enzyme saturation

This state or condition happens when all enzymes are already bound to substrate molecules that the reaction cannot go any further.

Kinase

This enzyme catalyzes the phosphorylation of some enzymes.

Noncompetitive inhibitors

These are non-substrate molecules that bind to the non-active site region of the enzyme, which may affect the enzymatic reaction.

Activation energy

This type of energy increases as shown by the increase in the rate of collision among molecules.

Phosphorylation regulation

This mechanism of enzyme regulation involves phosphorylation of enzymes.