exam 4 - n251: virus / prions / viroid

virus / prions / viroid

three major viruses:

ebola, hiv, sars

what type of virus is Ebola

single-stranded RNA virus

how does Ebola spread?

close contact and kills between 25 and 90% of victims

Does Ebola have a cure?

no cure, no vaccine

what type of disease is ebola virus?

zoonotic

what does zoonotic disease involve?

animals and humans

what does HIV stand for?

human immunodeficiency virus

what does HIV infects?

helper t cells, affects the immune system

what do people with aids die of?

secondary infections (like pneumonia)

what does SARS stands for?

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome

what causes SARS?

SARS coronavirus

when did the SARS outbreak occur?

2002-2003

in which country did SARS originate?

china

approx. how many SARS cases occurred worldwide?

8096 cases

approx. how many deaths were caused by SARS

774 deaths

have there been SARS cases since 2004

no

what symptoms are commonly associated with SARS?

fever/ lethargy /myalgia/ cough

what symptom was present in all SARS patients?

fever above 100.4*F

the way to prove SARS what test?

chest x rays

what virus causes COVID-19?

SARS-CoV-2

what disease does SARS-CoV-2 cause?

COVID-19

where was COVID-19 first detected?

china

when was COVID-19 first detected?

December 2019

how is COVID-19 transmitted?

by respiratory droplets

can COVID-19 spread before symptoms develop?

yes

how far can infectious droplets typically travel?

about 6 feet

why is hand hygiene important for COVID-19 prevention?

hands can transfer virus from contaminated surfaces to the eyes, nose and mouth

what are the three vaccines made for COVID19

pfizer / moderna / janssen

what type of vaccines are pfizer and moderna?

mRNA

what type of vaccine is Janssen?

viral vector

what type of vaccine use mRNA to deliver instructions to our body to produce the spike protein found on the surface of the COVID19 virus

mRNA vaccines

what’s the vaccine where it modified of a different virus or vector to deliver instructions to our cells do not affect to interact our DNA?

viral vector vaccines

what body secretions may be infectious during COVID19?

respiratory secretions such as sputum and nasal secretions

what is a protein that causes normal brain proteins to fold abnormally

prion

are prions made of nucleic acid?

no. they are proteins

what organ system is primarily affected by prions?

they nervous system/brain

can prion diseases affect both humans and animals?

yes

how can some prion diseases be transmitted to humans?

through infected meat products

what does BSE stand for?

Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy

what is the common name for BSE?

mad cow disease

what does CWD stand for?

chronic wasting disease

what does CWD attacks?

attacks deer and elk in the brain and brain stem

name six animal prion diseases

1. - Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)

2. - Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD)

3. - Scrapie

4. - Transmissible Mink Encephalopathy

5. - Feline Spongiform Encephalopathy

6. - Ungulate Spongiform Encephalopathy

what does CJD stand for?

Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease

what is the cause of CJD

caused by abnormal proteins that are not killed by standard methods for sterilizing surgical equipment

what forms of CJD exist

sporadic / familial / iatrogenic / variant

what causes CJD sporadic?

unknown

what causes CJD familial

inherited mutation in the PrP gene

what causes CJD iatrogenic

contamination during brain surgery, corneal transplant

what causes CJD variant

exposure to BSE

name 5 human prion disease

1. - Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)

2. - Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD)

3. - Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker Syndrome

4. - Fatal Familial Insomnia

5. - Kuru

which human prion disease is associated with infected beef?

Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD).

which animal prion disease is linked to vCJD?

Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)

what is the connection between BSE and CJD

Humans can develop variant CJD after exposure to the BSE prion from infected cattle

which prion disease is known as the laughing disease?

kuru

where was kuru identified

new guinea

what was associated with kuru

endocannibalism (not well taken by medics)

what is an infectious agent composed only of single stranded RNA?

viroid

do viroids have a protein coat?

no

are viroid larger or smaller than prions?

little larger than prions

what organisms are mainly affected by viroids?

plants

how do viroid spread

through contact between plants

give an example of viroid?

potato spindle viroid

virus main characteristics

-contains DNA or RNA

-has nucleic acid

-replicates in cells

-infects many hosts

-protein coat

virus vs prion?

-protein only

-no nucleic acid

-causes protein misfolding

virus? vs viroid

-DNA or RNA

-protein coat present

-infects many hosts

virus vs viroid?

-ssRNA only

-no protein coat

-mainly plants

prion main characteristics

-protein

-humans and animals

-no nucleic acid

-causes protein unfolding

viroid main characteristics

-ss RNA

-mainly plants

-RNA only

-no protein coat