APUSH: Chapter 24 Simple IDs

Land Grants

Federally owned acreage granted to the railroad companies in order to encourage the building of rail lines

Union Pacific Railroad

The original transcontinental railroad, commissioned by Congress, which built its rail line west from Omaha

Central Pacific Railroad

The California-based railroad company, headed by Leland Stanford, that employed Chinese laborers in building lines across the mountains

Pullman Palace Cars

The luxurious railroad cars that enabled passengers to travel long distances in comfort and elegance

Stock Watering

Dishonest device by which railroad promoters artificially inflated the price of their stocks and bonds

Wabash Case

Supreme Court case of 1886 that prevented states from regulating railroads or other businesses engaging in interstate commerce

Mesabi Range

The region of northern Minnesota that supplied most of the iron ore for tremendously profitable American steel industry

Telephone

Late-nineteenth-century invention that revolutionized communications and created a large new industry that relied heavily on female workers

Standard Oil Company

First of the great industrial trusts, organized through the principle of horizontal integration, that ruthlessly incorporated or destroyed competitors in an energy industry.

US Steel Corporation

The first billion-dollar American corporation, organized when J. P. Morgan bought out Andrew Carnegie

New South

Term that southern promoters used to proclaim their belief in a technologically advanced, industrial South

Social Darwinism

Somewhat misleading term to describe the ideas of theorists like Herbert Spencer and William Graham Sumner, who claimed that vast wealth was the result of the natural superiority of those who achieved it.

Knights of Labor

Secret, ritualistic labor organization that enrolled many skilled and unskilled workers but collapsed suddenly after the Haymarket Square bombing

Gibson Girl

Shorthand term for the image of the independent and athletic new woman created by a popular magazine illustrator of the late nineteenth century.

American Federation of Labor

The conservative labor group that successfully organized a minority of American workers but left others out

Leland Stanford

Former California governor and organizer of the Central Pacific Railroad

Russell Conwell

Pro-business clergyman whose "Acres of Diamonds" speeches criticized the poor

James J. Hill

Public-spirited railroad builder who assisted farmers in the northern areas served by his rail lines

Cornelius Vanderbilt

Aggressive eastern railroad builder and consolidator who scorned the law as an obstacle to his enterprise

James Buchanan Duke

Wealthy southern industrialist whose development of mass-produced cigarettes led him to endow a university that later bore his name

Alexander Graham Bell

Former teacher of the deaf whose invention created an entire new industry

Thomas Edison

Inventive genius of industrialization who worked on devices such as the electric light, the phonograph, and the motion picture

Andrew Carnegie

Scottish immigrant who organized a vast new industry on the principle of vertical integration

John D. Rockefeller

Aggressive energy-industry monopolist who used tough means to build a trust based on horizontal integration

J. Pierpont Morgan

The only businessperson in America wealthy enough to buy out Andrew Carnegie and organize the United States Steel Corporation

Henry Grady

Southern newspaper editor who tirelessly promoted industrialization as the salvation of the economically backward South

Terence V. Powderly

Eloquent leader of a secretive labor organization that made substantial gains in the 1880s before it suddenly collapsed

William Graham Sumner

Intellectual defender of laissez-faire capitalism who argued that the wealthy owed nothing to the poor

John P. Altgeld

Illinois governor who pardoned the Haymarket anarchists

Samuel Gompers

Organizer of a conservative craft-union group and advocate of more wages for skilled workers