9.Avian Anesthesia, critical care and therapeutics

Pre anesthetic considerations

Should the crop be empty

Yes

Which birds are prone to regurgitation

Fledging parrots, frugivores, nectarivores, piscivores, carnivores

Premed is often used in which birds

raptors and stressed birds

Med+ket, midazolam

Basic materials required for GA

heat pad, thermometer, masks + ET tubes, capnograph, stethoscope

Which induction is most used for birds

4-5% iso/sevo by mask, oxygen

What can occur if ET tube is pushed too hard because there is tracheal narrowing in macaws

Mucosal trauma and stenosis formation

Maintenance positioning in birds

Sternal recumbency

Monitoring temperature should be done in which areas

Cloacal or esophageal

Anesthetic depth of birds

Corneal reflex present

No wing tension

No palpebral reflex nor reaction to painful stimuli

End tidal CO2

For Recovery when do you remove the ET Tube

head up and moving wings

Complications of bird anesthetic

Regurgitation and aspiration-fledgning parrots

Hypotension

Hypoventilation and bradycardia

Cardio arrest

Shock/ severe depression signs

weakness, closed eyes, fluffed up, respiratory distress, abdominal distension, bleeding, hypothermia

1st step of treating shock in birds

stop active external hemorrhage

place in warm dark incubator with O2

initial warm SC crystalloid bolus 

2nd steps to treat shock/depression birds

Treat dehydration/hypovolemia

Full exam ± imaging

Specific treatment antibiotics, antifungals, analgesia, nebulization

Which birds lack a true crop

Owl

For pre-med& sedation

Which drugs are used for analgesia

NSAID (meloxicam), Butorphanol (K-agonist)

Cole tubes are used for which birds

Macaws

Why are penguins difficult to intubate

Cranial tracheal bifurcation

Why are pelicans difficult to intubate

crista ventralis- septum/projection in glottis-use smaller tube

Why do you have to be careful intubating cranes

long trachea-lots of dead space 

What is very important to monitor for birds under anesthesia

Provide heating-avoid heat loss and be careful with alcohol and plucking 

Which birds have pneumatized ulna

Pelican and california condor 

When can you provide food

immediately-avoid hypoglycemia

Deaths are common in which part 

induction and recovery

Dehydration in birds

tacky mm, mucus in oropharynx, sunken eye, inc PCV, total protein, BUN

Fluid therapy 

crystalloid

add colloids

Fluids must be warm

Maintain fluid therapy until?

bird fully hydrated and drinking water

Which route is best for emergency and hospitalization

Intraosseous-distal ulna

Subcutaneous route is used for what

maintenance or mild dehydration only

inguinal region or skin of back

Tube feeding

nutrition/med of anorexic birds

WARM and HYDRATED birds only

Where do you give IM injection

Middle 3rd pectoral m

acute angle <30

aspirate then administer