p3,p5 - missing pages

Increasing temperature

Increases pressure as colliding gas particles create pressure.

How is the density of an irregular solid determined?

To determine the density of an irregular solid, the solid is placed in a eureka can filled with water. The volume of water displaced is measured, which equals the volume of the solid. The density is then calculated using the formula: density = \frac{mass}{volume} where the mass is determined by weighing the solid with a mass balance.

Mass calculation formula

Mass = density x volume.

How is the density of a regular solid determined?

The density of a regular solid can be calculated by first measuring its mass using a balance scale. To find the volume, the dimensions of the solid are measured based on its geometric shape: for example, for a rectangular solid, volume is calculated using the formula: volume = length \times width \times height. The density is then determined using the formula: density = mass / volume

Internal energy

The amount of energy stored in the particles of a system in their potential and kinetic stores.

Kinetic energy increase

When heated, energy is transferred to the particles’ kinetic energy stores, which increases internal energy

Specific heat capacity

The amount of energy needed to change the temperature of 1kg of a substance by 1 degree.

Specific heat capacity of water

4200J.

specific heat capacity change formula

Change in thermal energy = mass x specific heat capacity x change in temperature.

Specific latent heat

The amount of energy needed to change the state of a substance.

Specific latent heat formula

Energy = mass x specific latent heat.

Change in state

Occurs when particles have enough kinetic energy to break their bonds.

Mass conservation during state change

Mass is conserved when changing from liquid to gas (evaporation).

Average reaction time

Between 0.2s and 0.9s, affected by tiredness, drugs, and alcohol.

Reaction time calculation

Time = change in velocity / acceleration.

why use the acceleration equation for reaction time?

Uses acceleration due to gravity (9.8N/kg on earth) because it is constant.

Momentum

A vector quantity defined as mass x velocity.

Conservation of momentum

In a closed system, momentum before an event equals momentum after.

Momentum in an open system

External forces can act on objects, adding or removing momentum.

Snooker ball momentum example

The stationary red ball (0 momentum) gains momentum when struck by the moving white ball.

Effect of momentum transfer

The white ball loses some velocity causing the combined momentum to remain equal.

Momentum before an event

If zero, it remains zero after the event in a closed system.

Complete momentum equation

Momentum = mass x velocity.