UNIT REVIEW

Song Dynasty

A Chinese dynasty known for its cultural, economic, and administrative practices, including Confucian views, foot binding, and the civil service exam.

Champa Rice

A fast-maturing rice variety from Vietnam that contributed to China's agricultural productivity during the Song Dynasty.

Judaism, Christianity, Islam

Abrahamic religions that have influenced various cultures and beliefs across regions, particularly in the context of the development of Dar-al-Islam.

Abbasid Caliphate

An Islamic empire that succeeded the Umayyads, known for cultural achievements and the promotion of science and arts during its golden age.

Seljuk Empire

A medieval empire that played a significant role in the early medieval Islamic world and its politics.

Sufism

A mystical Islamic belief that emphasizes the inward search for God and shuns materialism.

Aztec Empire

A powerful Mesoamerican civilization known for its tribute system and human sacrifices.

Inca Empire

A South American civilization known for its bureaucratic governance and the mit'a labor system.

Swahili Civilization

A coastal East African culture known for its trade and cultural exchanges with Muslim merchants.

Hausa Kingdom

A historical kingdom in West Africa known for its trade and cultural influences.

Feudalism

A social system that dominated medieval Europe characterized by the holding of land in exchange for service or labor.

Manorialism

An economic, social, and political system in medieval Europe involving the lord's land and the peasant serfs.

Cultural Diffusion

The spread of cultural beliefs and social activities from one group of people to another.

Silk Road

An ancient trade route that connected China with the West, facilitating the exchange of goods, culture, and ideas.

Indian Ocean Network

A maritime trade route connecting the eastern and western parts of the Indian Ocean, significant in trade and cultural exchanges.

Trans-Saharan Trade

Trade routes across the Sahara Desert connecting North Africa with sub-Saharan Africa.

Ming Dynasty

The ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644 known for its trade expansion and cultural achievements.

Ottoman Empire

A significant empire that controlled parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa, known for its military and cultural accomplishments.

Safavid Empire

A Persian dynasty that established a significant Shi'a Muslim state in Iran.

Mughal Empire

An empire in the Indian subcontinent known for its cultural, architectural, and administrative achievements.

Water Frame

A spinning frame that allowed the production of stronger and finer threads, significant in the Industrial Revolution.

Steam Engine

A machine that converts fossil fuel into mechanical energy, critical for the Industrial Revolution.

Mercantilism

An economic theory that promotes governmental regulation of a nation's economy for augmenting state power.

Laissez-faire

An economic principle that advocates minimal government intervention in economic affairs.

Social Darwinism

A theory that applies the concept of natural selection to social, political, and economic issues, justifying inequalities.

Born in the U.S. v. Wong Kim Ark

A U.S. Supreme Court case affirming citizenship rights for individuals born in the U.S.

Great Migration

The mass movement of African Americans from the rural South to cities in the North during the early to mid-20th century.

Enlightenment

An intellectual movement emphasizing reason, individualism, and skepticism toward traditional authority.

Natural Rights

Fundamental rights that every human is entitled to, often associated with Enlightenment thinkers like John Locke.

Social Contract

A political theory asserting that governments gain legitimacy from the consent of the governed.

Prohibition

The nationwide ban on the production, importation, transportation, and sale of alcoholic beverages in the U.S.

Sacco and Vanzetti Case

A controversial trial that highlighted anti-immigrant sentiment in the U.S.

14th Amendment

A constitutional amendment granting citizenship and equal protection under the law.

League of Nations

An international organization founded after World War I to promote peace but ultimately failed.

Wiemar Republic

The democratic government established in Germany after World War I, known for its political instability.

Cold War

A period of political tension between the U.S. and the Soviet Union characterized by ideological conflict.

McCarthyism

The practice of making accusations of subversion or treason without proper regard for evidence.

Cuban Missile Crisis

A 1962 confrontation between the U.S. and the Soviet Union over Soviet missiles deployed in Cuba.

Nuclear Proliferation Treaty

An international treaty aimed at preventing the spread of nuclear weapons.

Apartheid

A system of institutionalized racial segregation and discrimination in South Africa.

PLO

The Palestine Liberation Organization, formed to create an independent State of Palestine.

Globalization

The process of interaction and integration among people, companies, and governments worldwide.

Neorealism

A theory of international relations emphasizing the competitive and conflictual side of international relations.

Tanzanian Independence

Tanzania gained independence from Britain in 1961 under the leadership of Julius Nyerere.

Algerian War of Independence

A war between France and Algerian independence movements leading to Algeria's independence in 1962.

Yom Kippur War

A conflict in 1973 between Israel and a coalition of Arab states led by Egypt and Syria.

The Iranian Revolution

The 1979 uprising that led to the overthrow of the Shah of Iran and the establishment of an Islamic republic.

India-Pakistan Partition

The division of British India into two independent dominions of India and Pakistan in 1947.

Bretton Woods System

An economic order established in 1944 to promote international monetary cooperation.

WTO

World Trade Organization, an intergovernmental organization that regulates international trade.

Arms Race

A competition between nations for superiority in the development and accumulation of weapons.

Green Revolution

A period of agricultural transformation that increased food production worldwide.

Détente

The easing of hostility or strained relations, particularly between countries during the Cold War.

Vietnamization

The U.S. policy of withdrawing its troops and transferring the responsibility of the war to the South Vietnamese.

Boer War

A conflict between the British Empire and two Boer republics in South Africa over the Empire's influence.

Bolshevik Revolution

The 1917 revolution in Russia that led to the overthrow of the provisional government.

Nationalism

A political ideology that emphasizes the interests of a particular nation, often at the expense of international considerations.

Zionism

A movement for the re-establishment of a Jewish state in the territory defined as the historic Land of Israel.

OAU

Organization of African Unity, a continental union consisting of 55 African states.

Pan-Africanism

A worldwide intellectual movement that aims to encourage and strengthen bonds between all people of African descent.

Civic Nationalism

A form of nationalism defined by shared citizenship rather than ethnicity.

Nineteenth Amendment

An amendment to the U.S. Constitution granting women the right to vote.

Lend-Lease Act

A U.S. program that supplied Allied nations with vast amounts of war material during World War II.

Marshall Plan

A U.S. initiative to aid Western Europe's economic recovery after World War II.

Compulsory Education Laws

Laws mandating school attendance for children of certain ages.

Taft-Hartley Act

A U.S. law that restricts the activities and power of labor unions.

Social Security Act

A law passed in 1935 to create a system of old-age benefits and unemployment insurance.

New Deal

A series of programs and policies designed to promote economic recovery and social reform during the Great Depression.

Dust Bowl

A period of severe dust storms during the 1930s, causing major ecological and agricultural damage.

Radical Republicans

A faction of the Republican Party that sought to impose civil rights for freed slaves during reconstruction.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

A landmark piece of U.S. legislation that outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.

Brown v. Board of Education

A landmark Supreme Court case that declared racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional.

Nixon's Visit to China

A significant diplomatic event that marked the beginning of a new era of relations between the U.S. and China.

Civil Rights Movement

A decades-long movement aimed at ending racial segregation and discrimination against African Americans.

Counterculture Movement

A social movement in the 1960s that rejected and opposed the dominant cultural norms of the time.

Women's Suffrage Movement

A movement advocating for women's right to vote.

Nativism

A policy of favoring native-born inhabitants over immigrants.

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

A joint resolution passed by Congress in 1964 that authorized military action in Vietnam.

Freedom Rides

A series of bus trips through the American South to protest segregation in interstate bus terminals.

Glass-Steagall Act

A law enacted in 1933 that separated commercial banking from investment banking.

Arab Spring

A series of protests and uprisings across the Arab world beginning in 2010, seeking political reform and social change.

European Union

A political and economic union of European countries designed to foster economic cooperation.

NAFTA

The North American Free Trade Agreement, implemented in 1994, which established a trilateral trade bloc between Canada, Mexico, and the U.S.

Afghanistan War

A conflict that began in 2001 following the September 11 attacks and aimed to dismantle Al Qaeda and remove the Taliban from power.

Rwandan Genocide

A mass slaughter of Tutsi in Rwanda by Hutu extremists in 1994.

Brexit

The United Kingdom's decision to leave the European Union following a 2016 referendum.

Chernobyl Disaster

A catastrophic nuclear accident that occurred in 1986 in the Soviet Union, resulting in widespread radioactive contamination.

Great Leap Forward

An economic and social campaign initiated by the Chinese Communist Party from 1958 to 1962, aimed at rapidly transforming China from an agrarian society to a socialist society through industrialization.

Cultural Revolution

A socio-political movement in China from 1966 until 1976 that sought to preserve Communist ideology by purging remnants of capitalist and traditional elements from Chinese society.

Arab-Israeli Conflict

A long-running conflict between Israel and its Arab neighbors, primarily over territorial disputes and statehood.

BDS Movement

A Palestinian-led movement promoting boycott, divestment, and sanctions against Israel.

Afrocentrism

A cultural and political movement that seeks to center the history and culture of African people.

Feminism

A movement advocating for women's rights and equality between the sexes.

Marxism

A socioeconomic analysis that uses a materialist interpretation of historical development to explain capitalism and advocate for class struggle.

Enlightenment

An intellectual movement emphasizing reason, individualism, and skepticism of authority, influencing political ideas and resulting in major revolutions.

Natural Rights

Philosophical concept asserting that individuals are born with certain rights that cannot be taken away, foundational to John Locke's theories.

American Revolution

Colonial revolt against British rule, influenced by Enlightenment ideas, leading to independence in 1776.

French Revolution

A revolution beginning in 1789 that led to the overthrow of the monarchy and establishment of a republic.

Haitian Revolution

The 1791 revolution led by Toussaint L'Ouverture against French colonial rule in Haiti, resulting in the first successful slave rebellion.

Industrial Revolution

A transformative period starting in Britain around 1750 marked by the shift to large-scale industrial production and significant economic, social, and political changes.